河流环境持久性有机污染物归宿的动态逸度模型

运用逸度方法构建了依赖于温度的、模拟持久性有机污染物(POPs)在河流环境中长期变化的动态归宿模型,其中逸度容量、污染物的转化速率、传递系数等模型参数的计算与温度有关.为了检验模型的合理性,以辽河下游为研究区域,对水体和沉积物中的γ-HCH进行了模拟计算.结果表明:逸度容量的变化与温度负相关,速率系数则相反.在模拟温度范围内(273～298K),-γHCH在空气、水和沉积物中的逸度容量分别减少了8.4%、89.7%和89.7%,转化速率系数分别增加了0.69、22.0和4.5倍;气-水界面的挥发和水-沉积物界面的扩散速率系数分别增加了7.9和1.6倍.模型计算值与实测值吻合较好,最大偏差为5.6倍,表明该模型用于残留POPs的长期预测是可行的.     

城市有机垃圾间歇厌氧消化pH控制动力学研究

对厌氧消化系统的物料及电离平衡进行分析,利用底物降解和微生物生长动力学建立城市有机垃圾间歇厌氧消化pH值控制模型,并研制开发了间歇厌氧消化过程pH值与产气量最优化计算机软件.运用该模型可预测不同厌氧消化过程的最佳pH值,从而通过控制厌氧系统的pH值使系统产气量达到最大,通过2组对比实验验证模型的有效性.结果表明,在相同的实验条件下厌氧系统的pH控制在最佳值时系统产气较未对pH值控制时稳定,且总产气量平均提高20%左右.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)生物修复研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)具有高毒性和低可降解性的特征,通过先进的生物修复技术来治理POPs污染正受到公众普遍的关注.而提高生物可利用性则可以突破原位生物修复的瓶颈;宏基因组技术可以获得大量的降解基因资源;利用生物工程手段,可以大幅度提高降解菌的能力这3个方面是目前POPs生物修复领域的研究热点.     

黄河河口区域有机污染物的特征分析

对2004年采集于黄河河口区域的水样进行了检测分析共鉴定出有机污染物8类192种,包括VOCs33种、SVOCs159种;其中属美国列出的129种优先控制污染物的有62种,属我国列出的58种优先控制污染物的有33种,属GB3838-2002控制的有31种.定量出的VOCs有19种,主要包括卤代烃类和单环芳香族类,其质量浓度平均值分别为0.683和0.609 μg/L;定量出的SVOCs有69种,主要包括多环芳烃类、酯类、单环芳香族类、卤代烃类、酚类和农药类,其质量浓度平均值分别为0.458,1.011,0.367,0.121,0 220和0.045 μg/L,其中多环芳烃类、酯类和单环芳香族类的污染程度相对较高,分别超标2.857,0.288和0.001～1.543倍.      

高浓度有机废水酵母菌低氧处理技术初探

在开放式环境中,在低氧条件(DO=0-0.2mg/L)下通过连续小试试验考察了利用酵母Candidatropicalis处理高浓度有机废水的可行性。54d低氧连续小试结果表明:进水COD、NH4+-N、TP浓度分别为11000～30000、1000、230mg/L时,其去除率分别为67%～88%,18%～68%,23%～68%,氮磷去除率取决于进水COD、TN、TP的水平。污泥微观形态观察表明反应柱内微生物基本上是酵母,但运行过程中优势酵母形态发生了变化。低氧(DO=0.1-0.4mg/L)和无氧条件下C.tropicalis批量培养试验表明污染物去除和酵母生长与氧的供给关系密切,低氧条件下C.tropicalis有很高的活性,能有效去除COD(去除率为91%);无氧条件则导致C.tropicalis生物量下降,COD去除率仅为12%。     

生物炭基光催化剂的制备及其降解废水中的有机污染物研究进展

基于生物质热解得到生物炭材料具有发达的孔隙结构、高比表面积和电子传递效率高等性质,已经被广泛应用于化工、材料、能源、环境等研究领域。目前,由于水体中各种有机污染物的大范围增加,对人体和环境造成的安全隐患不容忽视。因此,利用绿色高效的光催化剂对有机物污染物废水进行高效处置具有重要意义。该文针对不同合成方法制备的生物炭基光催化剂对废水中各种有机污染物处置的最新研究进展进行了综述。首先对生物炭载体的不同制备方法进行了对比与分析,为后续生物炭最佳制备方式的选择提供了思路。生物炭基载体能够有效避免纳米光催化材料的团聚现象,促进光催化剂在生物炭表面的分散。因此,该文还介绍了溶胶-凝胶法、水解法、超声法和热缩聚等光催化剂的制备方法,阐述了不同制备条件对光催化降解有机污染物活性的影响机制。在此基础上,重点综述了生物炭基复合材料在去除废水中典型有机污染物（甲基橙、吉米沙星、罗丹明B、磺胺甲恶唑等）方面的应用与有效性,并且将光催化剂的反应机理总结为污染物吸附、光激发电子-空穴以及污染物催化降解3个步骤。同时,生物炭基光催化材料能够增加与污染物的接触面积与提高污染物的传质过程,从而显著提高光催化剂的催化活性...     

Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel

The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.     

Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

珠三角典型地区挥发性有机化合物浓度水平及化学反应活性季节变化特征

为探究珠三角典型地区挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)及其化学反应活性的季节变化特征,于2016年在广东大气超级监测站,开展四季VOCs、NO x、O3和PM2.5的连续观测,共获得2142组有效数据.结果表明:(1)VOCs、羟基自由基消耗速率(LOH)、O3生成潜势(OFP)和二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)均具有明显季...