我国纸包装废物产生特性和回收状况研究

纸包装被广泛应用于各个领域,消费量巨大,废物的产生量也巨大,但我国对其产生特性和回收体系研究较少。首先分析纸包装的生产量、消费量、废物产生量和回收量,指出我国纸包装废物回收率,远高于废纸的统计回收率;其次,综合分析纸包装废物的回收特性和回收体系状况,指出纸包装废物主要流向和关键环节;然后,对纸包装消费趋势进行预测,最后,提出纸包装废物回收存在的问题和对策措施。     

春季南黄海溶解有机碳的分布特征及其受控因素

依据2007年4月对南黄海调查所得的溶解有机碳(DOC)数据,初步分析了南黄海DOC的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,2007年春季南黄海DOC的质量浓度为0.91～2.69 mg/L,平均值为1.62 mg/L,北部近岸DOC浓度高,长江口北部海域及南黄海中部外海DOC含量较低;在垂直方向上,10 m层DOC含量略高,各水层量值相差不大。DOC的分布趋势主要受控于水文结构,某些河口海域,生物生产对DOC含量也有一定的贡献。     

改性TiO2的制备、表征及光解水制氢性能研究

以陶粒为载体,采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备B、Ni共掺杂陶粒负载纳米TiO2光催化剂。利用XRD,TG-DTA,FT-IR等手段对其组成、结构等进行分析和表征。以250 W紫外灯为光源,三乙胺为目标污染物和电子给体,考察了B-Ni2O3-TiO2/陶粒合成体降解污染物耦合光解水制氢的光催化性能;结果表明：所制得的B-Ni2O3-TiO2/陶粒催化剂具有较高的产氢效率,并探讨了焙烧温度、三乙胺溶液初始浓度等对催化剂光催化活性的影响。     

A novel aminated polymeric adsorbent for removing refractory dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate treatment plant

Refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate treatment plant was with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 with tertiary amino groups and sufficient mesopore was synthesized, which exhibited high adsorption capacity to the DOM (raw water after coagulation). Resin NDA-8 performed better in the uptake of the DOM than resin DAX-8 and A100. Electrostatic attraction was considered as the decisive interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Special attention was paid to the correlation between porous structure and adsorption capacity. The mesopore of NDA-8 played a crucial role during uptake of the DOM. In general, resin in chloride form performed a higher removal rate of DOC. According to the column adsorption test, total adsorption capacity of NDA-8 was calculated to 52.28 mg DOC/mL wet resin. 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution could regenerate the adsorbent efficiently.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

如何应对突发性水污染事故

突发性水环境污染事故及其造成的社会危害曾经是发达国家极为关注的焦点。1950—1960年的日本熊本县水俣湾发生甲基汞污染事件（“水俣病”公害事件）造成439人死亡,1044人健康受损。1977年,美国Love运河发生有毒废物排放事件,当地居民不得不全体搬迁。1986年,莱茵河沿岸化工厂排放的30余种有机物流入河流导致水污染,造成大量水生生物死亡,波及两岸4个国家数百万人的生活和生产。     

好消息

5月4日至8日,在瑞士日内瓦举行的《关于持久性有机物的斯德哥尔摩公约》部长级会议上,包括林丹、六六六在内的九种仍然广泛应用于各种杀虫剂和阻燃剂的化学品被列为“持久性有机污染物”（POPs）,将被禁止生产。会议的另一个重要议题是关注如何支持发展中国家清除DDT,并且评估那些需要使用DDT来杀灭可以引起致命疟疾害虫的国家是否能够继续使用这一致命的化学品,并寻求形成一个商业计划来推广为对人类健康和环境更为安全的DDT替代品。     

包埋类脂的吸附剂制备及吸附POPs性能

用丙酮作溶剂将三油酸甘油酯分散到醋酸纤维(CA)基体中,采用悬浮聚合的方法制备出了一种兼具亲水性,又能高倍富集持久性有机污染物的球形复合吸附剂。通过对分散剂的种类及其用量、悬浮介质的种类及其用量的研究,获得了球形复合吸附剂的最佳合成路线与工艺.球形吸附剂粒径为1～2mm。通过荧光分析和电镜扫描分析,表明三油酸甘油酯已被包埋到醋酸纤维基体中,并得到了均匀分散。采用七氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、灭蚁灵为代表性的持久性有机污染物(POPs)。动力学吸附实验表明,当初始浓度为1μg/L时,在快速吸附阶段,溶液中80%的氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂可得到有效去除,但并没有达到吸附平衡。快速吸附完后,还在持续地进行慢速吸附。而对于灭蚁灵,吸附速度远远低于其他几种POPs。实验证明了吸附速度不仅与辛醇/水系数有关,而且还与有机污染物的分子结构有关。     

有机毒害物急性毒性与藻红外辐射变化研究

基于微生物检测毒害物质的重要性和选材困难对其检测技术发展的制约,开展了有机毒害物急性毒性与藻红外辐射变化研究。试验使用便携式红外测温仪测试一定量藻液中分别加入不同种有机药剂前后的温度变化。结果表明,8种藻对10种有机毒害物毒性可产生红外辐射变化的快速响应,平均最大温差的平均值为0.15℃,平均响应时间为4.4min;羊角月牙藻最大响应温差为0.27℃,响应相对明显,为8种藻中的毒性响应敏感藻。不同浓度有机药剂分别与敏感藻进行试验,明确敏感藻可检测出的最低药剂浓度,结果表明:同类毒害物质的响应灵敏度与发光细菌相同。     

基于VS的有机固体废物厌氧消化的趋势分析

在表示有机固废厌氧消化进程的三个指标(COD、TS、VS)中,VS是有代表性的指标。VS在整个厌氧消化过程中呈下降的趋势,同时,VS的变化是连续的,由此,可以用一元多项式和指数函数模型来预测有机固废厌氧消化过程中VS的变化。通过研制的混合式厌氧发酵自动控制实验装置(简称为MADACE)验证了两模型的可行性,其相关系数均达到了0.98以上。