生物炭基光催化剂的制备及其降解废水中的有机污染物研究进展

基于生物质热解得到生物炭材料具有发达的孔隙结构、高比表面积和电子传递效率高等性质,已经被广泛应用于化工、材料、能源、环境等研究领域。目前,由于水体中各种有机污染物的大范围增加,对人体和环境造成的安全隐患不容忽视。因此,利用绿色高效的光催化剂对有机物污染物废水进行高效处置具有重要意义。该文针对不同合成方法制备的生物炭基光催化剂对废水中各种有机污染物处置的最新研究进展进行了综述。首先对生物炭载体的不同制备方法进行了对比与分析,为后续生物炭最佳制备方式的选择提供了思路。生物炭基载体能够有效避免纳米光催化材料的团聚现象,促进光催化剂在生物炭表面的分散。因此,该文还介绍了溶胶-凝胶法、水解法、超声法和热缩聚等光催化剂的制备方法,阐述了不同制备条件对光催化降解有机污染物活性的影响机制。在此基础上,重点综述了生物炭基复合材料在去除废水中典型有机污染物（甲基橙、吉米沙星、罗丹明B、磺胺甲恶唑等）方面的应用与有效性,并且将光催化剂的反应机理总结为污染物吸附、光激发电子-空穴以及污染物催化降解3个步骤。同时,生物炭基光催化材料能够增加与污染物的接触面积与提高污染物的传质过程,从而显著提高光催化剂的催化活性...     

Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel

The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.     

Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

HDTMA改性粘土吸附固定沉积物间隙水中多环芳烃的模拟研究

选用经过十六烷三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA-Br)改性的粘土矿物为吸附剂,探讨其对水中多环芳烃类有机污染物的吸附性能。结果表明,HDTMA改性土吸附固定水中多环芳烃的能力比天然沉积物要高得多且吸附稳定。本文还讨论了环境温度、pH值、盐度、振荡时间、污染物初始浓度以及投土量对吸附性能的影响以确定吸附的适宜条件。根据实验结论,将HDTMA改性土投到实际间隙水样品中,经过充分的吸附,结果显示,经HDTMA改性粘土吸附后的间隙水中多环芳烃的含量均在检出线以下,说明HDTMA改性土可以有效地吸附固定沉积物间隙水中的多环芳烃,降低其迁移性,防止其释放产生二次污染。     

珠三角典型地区挥发性有机化合物浓度水平及化学反应活性季节变化特征

为探究珠三角典型地区挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)及其化学反应活性的季节变化特征,于2016年在广东大气超级监测站,开展四季VOCs、NO x、O3和PM2.5的连续观测,共获得2142组有效数据.结果表明:(1)VOCs、羟基自由基消耗速率(LOH)、O3生成潜势(OFP)和二次气溶胶生成潜势(SOAFP)均具有明显季...     

典型新污染物治理国际经验研究——以《斯德哥尔摩公约》管控的持久性有机污染物为例

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是一类典型的新污染物,以欧美为代表的发达国家早在20世纪70年代就开始对POPs治理进行探索,逐渐形成一套针对有毒有害化学品的管理体系。首先结合《斯德哥尔摩公约》,梳理美国、日本、加拿大、部分欧洲国家等典型发达国家POPs治理相关法律法规以及欧洲针对POPs治理形成的国家—欧盟—国际三级法律体系;其次基于风险控制理念提出了以POPs为代表的具有PBT特性(持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性)的有毒有害化学品管控先进国际经验和对重点化学品进行识别、筛选、评估、管控的优先性策略;为促进我国新污染物治理和《斯德哥尔摩公约》履约工作提出相关建议。     

持久性有机污染物土气交换过程影响因素分析

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在全球范围内进行远距离传输过程中,土壤既是污染物的主要汇,又是空气中污染物的潜在来源.土气交换过程是POPs环境归宿的重要环节,该交换过程受POPs理化性质、近地面气象条件、土壤理化性质及植被覆盖等因素的影响.对近期报道的POPs土气交换过程影响因素研究进行了综述与展望,列出了研究中涉及的重要模型及公式.环境温度的变化既能改变目标物在气固相之间的分配行为,影响空气中污染物的干湿沉降和气态交换过程,也能够通过近地面温度场的梯度变化影响污染物在土气交换过程中的垂直紊流扩散.此外,近地面水平风速的变化也会影响目标物的在近地面空气中的垂直紊流扩散.土壤有机质含量及种类控制了土壤中POPs的吸附/解吸过程,土壤温度和湿度影响污染物的土气分配系数,土壤矿物组成也会影响污染物吸附和解吸过程.地面植被能够吸收和吸附空气中气态和颗粒态POPs,通过雨水淋刷和枯落物凋落转移到土壤中;植被覆盖可以减少土壤的温度变化,减少土壤中POPs的挥发.尽管近年已经取得丰硕的成果,但在土气交换过程多因素耦合影响量化评估、动态评估POPs在典型场地原位复杂环境下的土气交换通量、在区域尺度量化植被对城市中POPs土气交换的影响等方面有待开展深入研究工作.     

挥发性有机废气治理技术的现状与进展

本文通过查阅文献资料,总结了当前企业挥发性有机废气产生情况、政策管理办法以及相关处理技术,并分析了未来挥发性有机废气治理政策发展趋势,旨在提高挥发性有机废气治理效率,提高空气环境质量。     

基于VOCs有机废气处理技术研究进展

随着经济的不断发展,环境污染因素的种类越来越多,而且危害性也在逐渐提升。其中有机废气在人类社会不断发展的背景下产生量排放量都越来越高,如果不进行处理将对环境和人体都造成极其严重的影响。本文主要对基于VOCs有机废气处理技术的相关研究作了分析,希望对有机废气的处理有一定促进作用。