Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.     

川渝地区夏季降水异常水汽输送差异

利用川渝地区1960—2006年34站逐月降水量资料和美国NCEP/NCAR同期逐月风场、比湿场和地面气压场资料,网格距2.5°×2.5°,采用EOF分解、区域降水指数、合成分析等方法,详细讨论了川渝地区夏季降水量多、少雨年水汽通量的纬向、经向、整层输送及水汽通量散度的差异。川渝地区夏季降水量标准化距平EOF分解结果表明把川渝地区夏季降水量作为一个整体来分析是合理的。区域降水量指数能很好地揭示出川渝地区夏季降水量的多寡。合成分析表明川渝地区夏季降水量多、少雨年水汽输送通量的纬向、经向、整层输送及水汽通量散度存在着明显差异,多雨年孟加拉湾、南海、西太平洋的水汽输送通量显著增强,水汽输送通量辐合比少雨年显著增强,为川渝地区夏季降水提供了丰沛的水汽条件,有利于川渝地区夏季降水量的异常偏多;少雨年则反之。     

使用多元时间序列方法研究城市周边大气中O_3、NO_x和VOCs之间的相互依赖关系

<正>研究人员以印度新德里1个交通点为例,采用了带脉冲响应函数和方差分解技术的矢量自回归(VAR)的多元时间序列方法,分析了O3、NO、NO2和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs,本研究包括苯、乙苯、甲苯和二甲苯)之间的内在关系.分析中使用了污染物的小时平均浓度,时间序列数据连续3个月.结果发现次序2(即略过2个1h间隔的滞后值)     

内蒙古典型草原区植被NPP对气候变化的响应

研究植被生产力对气候变化的响应是理解陆地生态系统与气候变化相互作用的重要基础,论文利用近45a内蒙古典型草原区55个气象台站的气象数据,采用Holdridge生命地带的气候指标和NPP区域估算模型,研究了内蒙古典型草原区植被净第一性生产力（NPP）对气候变化的响应。结果表明,1960-2004年间,内蒙古典型草原区域内,发生了以生物温度升高和湿润度降低为代表的生物气候明显变化;典型草原区年NPP和春、夏、秋3个季节的NPP均呈现增加趋势,其中夏季是NPP增加速率最快,增加量最大的季节;在区域上,年NPP呈现由东北至西南的递减态势,不同区域年NPP均有增加趋势,其中以中部区最为明显。     

Photocatalytic decomposition of mobile-source related pollutants using a continuous-flow reactor

This study evaluated the application of a continuous-flow photocatalytic reactor for the control of two mobile-derived pollutants, methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and naphthalene, present at in-vehicle levels. Variables tested for this study included the hydraulic diameter (HD), stream flow rate (SFR), relative humidity (RH), and feeding type (FT). The fixed parameters included contaminant concentration, ultraviolet light source, and the weight of TiO2. In all experimental conditions the adsorption proce...     

工业废水排放变化的因素分解与减排效果

在描述中国工业废水排放量、经济增长、经济空间结构和工业废水排放强度的基础上,运用无残差的完全分解模型进行量化分析,分解出1981～2006年间经济增长、空间结构和排放强度对工业废水排放量变化的影响效果,并进一步利用H-P滤波方法对这一时期工业废水减排效果进行了估计.结果表明：① 工业废水排放量年均增长0.25×10⁸　t,其中由经济增长、排放强度、空间结构引起的变化分别为25.9×10⁸　t、 －25.5×10⁸　t、 －0.16×10⁸　t; ② 1981～2006年中国工业废水累计减少排放641.8×10⁸　t,同时受国家宏观经济政策的影响,减排缺口处于波动之中,但总减排缺口大于0,说明实际减排量高于潜在减排量;③ H-P滤波分析所得到的潜在减排率在研究期内呈先上升后下降的趋势;④ 综合来看,我国在1982～1990年及1997～2006年工业发展表现为高污染型,1991～1996年表现为低污染型.     

Sorption of Triton X-100 on soil organic matter fractions：Kinetics and isotherms

Kinetics and isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil,base-extracted soil(BE),humic acid (HA) and humin (HM) were investigated respectively to get better understanding on characteristics of the surfactant sorptiun onto different soil organic matters(SOMs).It was demonstrated that the kinetics results could be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second order model.The half of the time to reach equilibrium(t1/2) for different sorbents followed the sequence of soil>HA>BE>HM.Furthermore,the calculated equilibrium sorption capacity(Ceq) was found in the sequence of HA>BE>HM>soil,which agreed well with the experimental results.The isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil and HA could be well described by the S-type isotherm,but BE and HM by the L-type.The isotherms of all the four sorbents were found reasonably fitted to the Langmuir equation.The Kd value,defined as the ratio of Triton X-100 in sorbent and in the equilibrium solution for given concentrations,generally followed the order of HM>HA>soil>BE.Separated HM and HA showed high affinity for Triton X-100,but the HA and HM in soil and BE were tightly bounded by the minerals.Thus,the HA on the soil surface might dominate the sorption,whereas the bounded HM would play a key role upon the surfactants being penetrated inside the soil.     

长寿湖表层沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价

测定了重庆市长寿湖62个采样点表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有机质(OM)的含量,并与国内其他城市(郊)湖库进行比较,以揭示其空间分布特征,分析了TN、TP、OM间相关性及C/N变化.结果表明,TN平均含量2 255.89 mg.kg-1,TP平均含量622.03 mg.kg-1,湖区氮磷污染严重且空间分布差异明显.OM含量平均2.80%,与其他湖库相比,TN、TP及OM含量均处于中间水平.C/N的87.10%介于5～14间(其中72.58%同样介于6～13间),3.23%介于2.8～3.4间,表明长寿湖表层沉积物中OM多源于湖中藻类及浮游动植物,还有少部分源于水生生物.OM与TN间极显著相关(Pearson系数为0.849),含量均为西部与中部水体高于东部水体,分布特征相似,但OM与TP相关性较小.通过有机指数与有机氮评价湖区污染情况,表明有机指数平均值为0.386,处于Ⅲ级,属尚清洁范畴;有机氮平均值为0.214%,达Ⅳ级,属有机氮污染程度,说明长寿湖受氮污染情况相对严重.     

硫酸银对重铬酸钾法测定土壤有机质的影响研究

对土壤样品加入硫酸银作催化剂和不加硫酸银处理后,采用重铬酸钾容量法分组测定有机质含量.结果表明,硫酸银对土壤有机质的分析测定没有显著影响.该方法简便,设备简单,操作快速,结果具有很好的一致性.     

美国低碳农业实践之借鉴

美国是世界农业大国,也是世界第二大温室气体排放国,其在低碳农业领域的尝试和成效表明,低碳经济有望成为未来美国的重要战略选择。研究美国的实践和经验,对我国乃至世界低碳农业的发展及农业生产方式的转变均有借鉴意义。