Effect of external and internal phosphate status on arsenic toxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is thought to exacerbate the arsenic (As) phytotoxicity in paddy rice. The experiments were conducted to investigate the e ects of external phosphate supply on As accumulation in rice and its toxicity under phosphate deficiency conditions. Rice seedlings pretreated with a phosphorus deficient nutrient solution (–P) for 14 d accumulated more As than those pretreated with a normal phosphorus supply nutrient solution (+P). Rice protreated with –P showed As toxicity symptoms after being exposed to 50 mol/L arsenate for 4 h, while +P rice did not show any toxicity symptoms. Arsenic toxicity symptoms can be alleviated by increasing external P concentrations. The arsenate uptake rate and accumulation corresponded with the As toxicity in rice plants. Arsenic concentrations in rice roots decreased with increasing external phosphate concentrations. The lowest As accumulation and the highest P accumulation were found when the external P concentration reached 100 mol/L. In short, P deficiency increased the sensitivity of rice to arsenate and increasing of external phosphate supply could alleviate As toxicity.     

外源脱落酸对水稻苗期根系形态建成及其诱导化感作用的影响

外源添加化学物质诱导可提高水稻化感潜力,是一种可被开发利用的可持续除草模式.在透明玻璃根箱中进行水稻/稗草共培种植,研究外源脱落酸对化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont的根系形态建成及其诱导化感作用的影响.结果表明,3μmol/L脱落酸诱导后的化感水稻PI和非化感水稻Le对稗草株高的总化感作用（TA）值较遗传化感作用（GA）显著提高,且Le的诱导化感作用（IA）占其TA的比值（23%-31%）趋近于PI的占比（24%-35%）.诱导处理后两种水稻在地下的根系行为均由躲避模式变为侵入模式,且两种水稻的根系总根长、总表面积、总体积都显著提高.此外,诱导处理后化感水稻PI和非化感水稻Le水稻叶片中8种酚酸总含量均显著增加,分别提高了20.22%、20.47%.化感水稻PI32777根系总根长、总体积、叶片中8种酚酸总含量与稗草抑制率呈显著正相关,非化感水稻Lemont总根长、总根尖数、叶片中8种酚酸总含量与稗草抑制率呈显著正相关.上述研究结果表明外源脱落酸诱导促进了水稻的根系形态建成,提高了水稻酚酸类物质分泌释放,增加了水稻的化感潜力,更重要的是使非化感水稻的诱导化感作用趋于化感...     

生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及根系分泌物的影响

生物有机肥通过调节微生物群落多样性来改善土壤生态环境,而根际微生物生态环境变化取决于根系分泌物的种类和数量.研究通过盆栽试验和离位溶液培养法研究了生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及香蕉根系分泌物的影响.结果表明,生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病的防病效果高于有机肥和不施肥处理,生物有机肥和有机肥防病效果分别达到55.4%和28.5%;香蕉根系分泌物中低分子量有机酸包括草酸、苹果酸和反丁烯二酸,以草酸为主,ρ(草酸)占ρ(有机酸总量)的百分比为83.6%~93.0%;生物有机肥比有机肥更显著降低香蕉根系分泌物中ρ(苹果酸)、ρ(反丁烯二酸)和ρ(有机酸总量),不同处理处理根系分泌物的ρ(有机酸)依次为:有机肥>生物有机肥>不施肥;生物有机肥处理的氨基酸种类和质量浓度最大,有机肥次之,生物有机肥处理中根系分泌物的ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)、ρ(β-丙氨酸)、ρ(a-氨基丁酸)、ρ(谷氨酸)、ρ(天冬氨酸)和ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)均显著高于有机肥和不施肥处理;生物有机肥处理的主要氨基酸[各氨基酸质量浓度占ρ(氨基酸总量)的百分比大于5%]有磷酸丝氨酸、苏氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、乙醇氨和肌肽,其中ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)和ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)显著高于不施肥和有机肥处理;香蕉枯萎病病情指数与ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)、ρ(丝氨酸)、ρ(异亮氨酸)呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.99、-0.98和-0.95,与ρ(鹅肌肽)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为1.00.生物有机肥降低了根系分泌物中有机酸的质量浓度,增加了氨基酸的种类和质量浓度,且香蕉枯萎病病情指数与根系分泌物中一些氨基酸质量浓度存在显著相关性,这可能是生物有机肥在香蕉枯萎病防治中起作用的原因之一.     

Decontamination efficiency and root structure change in the plant-intercropping model in vertical-flow constructed wetlands

Subtropical climatic conditions can contribute to the death of the aerial parts of constructed wetland plants in winter. This presents a barrier to the widespread application of constructed wetland and is an issue that urgently needs to be solved. Three contrasting experi- ments, the plant-intercropping model （A）, the warm- seasonal plant model （B）, and the non-plant model （C）, were studied in terms of their efficiency in removing pollutants, and the change in root structure of plants in the plant-intercropping model within the vertical-flow con- structed wetlands. The results indicate that model A was able to solve the aforementioned problem. Overall, average removal rates of three pollutants （CODcr, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP）） using model A were significantly higher than those obtained using models B and C （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, no significant differences in removal rates of the three pollutants were detected between A and B during the higher temperature part of the year （P〉 0.05）. Conversely, removal rates of the three pollutants were found to be significantly higher using model A than those observed using model B during the lower temperature part of the year （P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, the morphologies and internal structures of plant roots further demonstrate that numerous white roots, whose distribution in soil was generally shallow, extend further under model A. The roots of these aquatic plants have an aerenchyma structure composed of parenchyma cells, therefore, roots of the cold-seasonal plants with major growth advantages used in A were capable of creating a more favorable vertical-flow constructed wetlands media- microenvironment. In conclusion, the plant-intercropping model （A） is more suitable for use in the cold environment experienced by constructed wetland during winter.     

类芬顿反应对长期施肥土壤中有机碳的影响

以吉林公主岭、江西进贤、湖南祁阳、辽宁沈阳农大等多地长期定位试验站的土壤为研究对象,结合原位微宇宙试验培养的土壤,探索类芬顿反应对长期施肥土壤中有机碳的影响.结果表明,长期施用化肥的土壤中自由基含量均显著低于长期施用有机肥的土壤.通过纳米粒子探针(NanoSIMS)发现,施用化肥的土壤中56Fe16O-的离子强度强于施...     

水稻根系对多环芳烃的吸着与吸收

采集了天津市宝坻和新立2地的水稻根系样品及同期当地的空气、灌溉水和田间土壤样品.将水稻根分为节根和侧根2部分,并采用连续提取方法将根系中的多环芳烃分为3种形态:根表弱吸着态、根表强吸着态和根内吸收态.结果表明:2样点根系中多环芳烃含量存在显著差异;节根和侧根中的多环芳烃含量存在显著差异;被根吸收的部分约占多环芳烃总量的60%左右.比表面和脂含量是影响水稻根系化合物浓度的主要参数.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地四种植物根系分形特征分析

采用全根挖掘法,运用分形理论对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地阿克苏牛皮消、河西菊(Hexinia polydichotoma(Ostenf.)H.L.Yang)、白麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、沙拐枣(Cynanchum amplexicaule Hemsl)四种多年生野生植物根系的分支状况、分形特征与拓扑特征之间的关系进行了研究。研究发现:⑴四种植物根系分形特征较明显,分形维数大小与拓扑参数连接总数、外部连接数之间具有显著的相关关系;⑵根丰度与根系长度、平均连接长度之间具有显著的指数关系,分别可用以下方程表示:y1=2.7694e1.5496x,y2=0.036 9e2.026 7x(其中y1、y2分别为总根长、平均连接长度,R2分别为0.935 3、0.983 2)。因此,通过分形和拓扑理论对比分析了沙漠腹地4种野生植物根系的空间分形特征、资源占有能力与吸收率,有利于为沙漠腹的植物根系研究提供相关参数和一定的理论依据。     

模拟及河道实验浮床水芹根系生长及生物量分配对比研究

为了对比研究浮床植物水芹菜在模拟及野外河道实验中根系生长及生物量分配的差异性,探索水芹浮床模拟实验与实际应用中的差异性,我们在实验河道边放置水箱,通过抽取河水到水箱中设置水芹浮床水箱模拟实验,并且与河道中水芹浮床实验作对比。结果发现:河道和水箱中植物根系指标除了平均根直径外其他指标随着水芹的生长以指数方式增长,平均根直径随着水芹的生长以指数方式下降;在根系总长度、根系总表面积、根系分叉数、根系交叠数方面,水箱中的水芹显著大于河道中的水芹(p0.05);水箱浮床水芹根系指标的增长速度大于地上部分的增长速度,河道中水芹地上部分增长速度要大于地下部分;水芹冠根比随时间的变化呈现出先下降后上升趋势,水箱中水芹冠根比的变化速率更小。水箱中的水芹受到了营养条件的限制,用模拟水芹浮床来研究其净化效率时,在一定程度上(与实际应用相比)高估了河道水芹浮床根系部分的作用。     

湿地植物根系生长动态及其环境响应性研究进展

湿地植物根系生理生态特征研究一直是湿地科学研究领域的热点与前沿。由于其独特的水文特征与潜育化土壤环境,湿地植物根系生长过程及其对环境的适应机制近年来更是受到研究人员的关注。总结了近年来湿地植物根系生长动态研究方面的已有成果,综合论述了湿地环境对湿地植物根系的影响及其作用机制,重点归纳了湿地水文过程、土壤水分、土壤养分以及土壤其他因子对湿地植物根系生理生态特征的影响。加强植物根系对湿地土壤环境的适应性过程与机制研究的归纳总结,有助于掌握湿地环境根际微生态系统研究动态,了解湿地植物群落的生态演替及演化机制。