高处坠落摔伤的现场处理

2002年5月，苏北某建筑工地，电焊工袁师傅在高空施工作业时，不慎从高处的架板上坠落摔伤，现场的3名青年工人不由分说地你抬腿、我搂腰，将袁师傅搬到运土的拖拉机上送往医院。虽然运送病人是及时的，但急诊室医生却甚感遗憾：“教训啊!你们只顾抢时间，没有弄清伤员什么部位着地就盲目     

Streamwater chemistry and flow dynamics along vegetation-soil gradient in a subalpine Abies fabri forest watershed, China

Streamwater chemistry and spatial flow dynamics from a subalpine Abies fabri forest in an experimental watershed located in the east slope of Gongga Mountain were analyzed to gain insights into the gradient effect of primary community succession on the stream biogeochemical process. Results showed that high sand content (exceeding 80%) and porosity in the soil(exceeding 20% in A horizon and 35% in B horizon), as well as a thick humus layer on the soil surface, made the water exchange quickly in the Huangbengliu (HBL) watershed. Consequently, no surface runoff was observed, and the stream discharge changed rapidly with the daily precipitation. The flow trends of base ions in the stream water were influenced by the Abies fabri succession gradient. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2,- were the dominant anions in the streamwater in this region. A significant difference of Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- concentration exported between the succession stages in the watershed can be found. But they had the similar temporal change in the stream flow. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- showed significantly negative correlations with the daily precipitation and the stream discharge. Concentrations of Cl^- , Na^ , K^ , and Mg^2 were low in all streamwaters monitored and we observed no differences along the Abies fabri succession gradient. Low ratios of Na. (Na Ca) (range from 0.1 to 0.2) implied cations were from bedrock weathering (internal source process in the soil system) in this region. But, a variance analysis showed there were almost no differences between rainwater and streamwaters for Mg^2 , Na^ , K^ , and Cl^- concentrations. This indicated that they might be come from rainfall inputs(external source). The highly mobile capacity, rapid water exchange between precipitation and discharge, and long-term export lead to this observed pattern were suggested.     

Potential of weed species applied to remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals

To screen out a series of ideal plants that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale. In this study, accumulation and endurance of 45 weed species in ]6 families from an agricultural site were in situ examined by using the pot-culture field experiment, and the remediation potential of some weed species with high accumulation of heavy metals was assayed. The results showed that Solanum nigrum and Conyza canadensis can not only accumulate high concentration of Cd, but also strongly endure to single Cd and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution. Thus 2 weed species can be regarded as good hyperaccumulators for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Although there were high Cd-accumulation in Artemigia selengensis, Znula britannica and Cephalanoplos setosum, their biomass was adversely affected due to action of heavy metals in the soils. If the problem of low endurance to heavy metals can be solved by a reinforcer, 3 weed species can be perhaps applied commercially.     

人工湿地生态根孔技术及其应用

人工湿地亚表层介质的堵塞问题一直是湿地系统持续有效运行的障碍,极大地限制了人工湿地技术的大规模工程应用.通过白洋淀自然湿地现场研究,发现由大型水生植物所形成的根孔异常发达,径级不等的死活根孔混合在一起,组成了庞大的湿地根孔网络.人工湿地生态根孔技术通过模拟白洋淀湿地自然的芦苇根孔系统,以人为填埋的植物秸秆作为湿地的填料/介质,有效地改变了土壤亚表层大孔隙结构,为人工湿地建设和应用开辟了一条新途径.通过构筑根孔和自然根孔之间的过渡和湿地根孔的不断更新,实现湿地填料/介质的自我更新,克服了一般潜流人工湿地其填料/介质易发生堵塞的缺点.构筑根孔有效填补了人工湿地运行初期大量自然根孔尚未形成的空白期.该技术在小试湿地中获得了成功应用.以玉米秸秆和地肤秸秆作为小试模拟湿地的填埋介质,其填埋量体积比为2%～4%.与未填埋秸秆的基质土壤处理单元相比,填埋秸秆处理单元其导水效率和营养盐去除能力都得到了有效提高.研究结果表明:填埋秸秆腐烂后形成的构筑根孔其水分侧向入渗率是基质土壤的20倍左右.在中、低营养盐负荷情况下,填埋秸秆处理单元对溶解性总氮(DTN)去除率平均提高4.5%～27.1%;对溶解性总磷(DTP)去除率平均提高7.0%～20.4%.     

植物修复的促进措施及根际微生物的作用

目前研究表明,植物修复(Phytoremediation)技术在实际重金属污染土壤的修复中还存在一些不足之处,例如植物生物量较小、生长缓慢、土壤重金属生物有效性较低等。为了使植物修复成为一个可行的环境修复技术,国内外的许多研究表明可以通过一些促进措施来提高植物修复的修复效率;同时发现根际微生物在植物修复过程中发挥着一定的作用。本文着重评述杂交育种(Hybridization)技术、转基因(Transgenic Engineering)技术、螯合剂(Chelator)在植物修复中的应用,以及细菌、菌根真菌根际微生物(Rhizomicrobes)在植物修复过程中的作用。     

河流水体全氟化合物的污染现状及修复技术研究进展

全氟化合物（PFASs）是一类具有特殊结构的新型环境污染物,作为一种人工合成的持久性有机化合物,已被广泛应用于消防、工业等多领域,因其对环境的持久性和生物毒性而受到全球关注。PFASs在自然环境中不易降解,且具有一定的亲水性,导致河流水体成为了PFASs的重要的源和汇,对水环境造成了一定的危害。近年来,国内外学者研究并提出了多种有效去除PFASs的修复技术,以减轻其对环境和人体的有害影响。该文简述了PFASs的来源,氟化工企业是环境介质中PFASs的重要来源之一。分析了PFASs在河流水体中的污染现状,河流水体中PFASs的主要来源为点源和非点源,然而非点源污染,尤其是胶体载带PFASs的污染也应加以关注并亟待解决。阐明了河流水体中PFASs的来源与迁移途径,其中工业园区是PFASs的主要来源。该文还总结了水环境中PFASs的物理化学修复技术（吸附技术、过滤技术、化学氧化技术、光化学氧化技术,电化学氧化技术和声化学技术）,并对比分析了不同修复技术作用效果的优缺点及未来的发展方向。重点探究了水环境中PFASs非点源的原位修复技术（河岸过滤系统、植物修复技术、人工湿地和生态缓冲带）的修复效...     

贵州喀斯特地区植物叶片C、N、P化学计量特征对气候环境和土壤养分的响应

研究区域尺度上植物叶片C、N、P含量及其计量特征,对于了解植物对区域环境适应及其影响机制具有重要意义。为研究贵州喀斯特区域植物叶片C、N、P生态化学计量特征及其对区域环境的响应,通过搜集整理已发表的文献数据,分析了贵州喀斯特地区101个采样点的植物叶片的C、N、P的化学计量学特征,并研究了它们与气候、纬度、海拔、土壤养分等环境因子间关系,比较了不同生活型植物叶片化学计量特性的差异。结果表明,1）贵州喀斯特地区植物叶片C、N、P计量特征表现出不同的变异程度,其中,叶片C含量变异系数最小,属弱变异性;叶片N含量和N:P属中等变异性;而叶片P含量、C:N、C:P均属强变异性。2）基于生态化学计量特征表明,贵州喀斯特地区乔木、灌木和草本植物采取不同的生态适应策略应对变化的环境。3）区域尺度上,植物叶片C、N、P化学计量特征受海拔、气候及土壤养分的共同影响,但植物叶片C、N含量受气候环境的影响更为显著,而叶片P含量可能受限于土壤TP含量。该研究认为,贵州喀斯特区域植被在长期进化过程中趋于发育一套适应异质性强、生态脆弱的叶片性状组合,表现为较高的C含量、C:N、C:P以及较低的N、P含量。     

植物吸收和降解水体中多氯代有机污染物的作用

对黑麦草吸收和降解水中以1,2,4TCB和pp′DDT为代表的PCOPs进行了初步研究。结果表明,黑麦草能不同程度吸收和降解1,2,4TCB和pp′DDT,降低水中PCOPs含量。与吸收和降解土壤中PCOPs的能力相比,黑麦草修复受PCOPs污染水体的能力相对较弱。