4种植物组合对富营养化和重金属复合污染水体的净化效果

选取华中地区常见的4种植物多花黑麦草(Lolium multifolorum)、狐尾草(Alopecurus pratensis L.)、蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)和石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus)为研究对象,通过室内静态水培实验研究了4种植物组合对富营养化和重金属复合污染水体的去除效果。研究发现：4种植物组合对不同浓度梯度的富营养化和重金属复合污染水体中的TN、TP、Cd和Pb均表现出良好的去除效果,不同植物组合对各类污染物的去除效果有所差异。经过30 d修复后,各植物组合对低浓度污水中TN、TP、Cd和Pb去除率平均值分别为88.68%～93.66%、64.00%～83.02%、83.84%～93.62%和95.07%～98.02%;对高浓度污水中TN、TP、Cd和Pb去除率平均值分别为94.49%～97.11%、92.85%～94.15%、63.01%～81.42%和88.56%～91.64%;去除率最高的是多花黑麦草与石菖蒲间作。4种植物对Cd和Pb的富集系数均>1,均具有良好的重金属富集能力。低浓度污水中各植物对Cd和Pb的富集能力明显高于高...     

厌氧共代谢分解难降解有机物的研究进展

文章介绍了厌氧共代谢的提出、作用机制、调控研究及应用现状,从共代谢技术的基质类型、菌群结构和代谢途径三方面综述了国内外有关厌氧共代谢作用机制的研究现状、发展趋势,并着重分析了厌氧共代谢的调控技术和应用情况,展望了厌氧共代谢技术的未来研究方向,为解决难降解有机污染物的治理瓶颈提供借鉴和参考。     

转换电极的电动力强化植物修复高浓度砷污染土壤

电极转换下,以Capsicum annuum L.为对象探讨电动力强化的植物修复高浓度砷污染土壤效果。结果表明:对照组土壤pH降低,实验组升高。对照组土壤中砷浓度从（524.1±5.6） mg/kg降低为（500.5±8.3） mg/kg,实验组不同区域土壤砷浓度分别为（179.8±10.6）,（674.9±5.43）,（512.8±7.3） mg/kg。相较于对照组,实验组植物对砷的吸收量分别增加了-18.1%、282.8%和170.3%。对照组、实验组区域1、2、3的土壤和根际土壤砷浓度之比分别为2.62、0.64、1.48和1.26,电场增高了植物根系附近的砷浓度。对照组、实验组区域1、2、3土壤第5天的残渣态砷占比为55.64%、34.99%、39.06%和0%;对照组、实验组第5天阴极和第10天阴极附近土壤,结晶水铁铝氧化物结合态和残渣态砷占比为67.45%、0%和8.88%;体现了电场对土壤重金属形态的活化作用。实验组修复10 d的电耗成本为79.5元/m3,具备一定经济优势。     

河北坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为查明河北省坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗能力,选择张北县(坝上风蚀区)和阳原县(坝下水蚀区)作为典型研究区,采用微型圆盘入渗仪测量土壤入渗特性,并分析其主要影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)阳原县不同土地利用类型土壤渗透性能表现为:高盖度草地>低盖度草地>耕地>林地,张北县表现为:草地>耕地>灌木林地>防护林地;(2)不同入渗模型拟合度之间存在显著差异,其中Philip模型拟合效果最佳;(3)土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、稳定入渗时间与容重呈极显著负相关关系,而与总孔隙度均呈极显著正相关关系。结果表明,该区草地土壤入渗能力最强,后期开展生态工程建设时应更加重视草地涵养水源的作用。     

外源Cd在不同类型土壤中的稳定化特征

为明晰镉(Cd)在不同类型土壤中的稳定化特征和有效性差异,以四川省6种主要的农耕土壤酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性紫色土、灰潮土、典型黄壤和漂洗黄壤为研究对象,通过土壤培养试验,对外源Cd进入土壤后的稳定化时间、化学形态和有效Cd含量进行了对比分析,进一步结合盆栽试验下各土壤中小白菜生物量和Cd含量,探讨了外源Cd在6种土壤中的化学行为和污染效应.结果表明：(1)6种土壤的有效Cd含量在外源Cd添加后的15 d内迅速降低,后趋于平稳.稳定后,漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土的有效Cd含量显著高于其他4种土壤,石灰性紫色土最低(1.01 mg·kg^-1);(2)6种土壤中的Cd均以可交换态的占比最高(42.51%～56.07%),其次,漂洗黄壤和典型黄壤中的铁锰氧化物结合态Cd,石灰性紫色土中的碳酸盐结合态和灰潮土中的有机络合态Cd的占比相对较高;(3)低含量Cd处理下(0.5 mg·kg^-1),6种土壤中小白菜的生长均无明显抑制,生物量与对照无显著差异,但可食部位Cd含量却有不同程度地富集,表现为典型黄壤和漂洗黄壤显著高于其他4种土壤;高含量Cd处理下(...     

南京城郊不同土地利用类型农业土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

以南京市城郊不同土地利用类型的农业土壤(水田、菜地和林地)为研究对象,测定了16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,苊烯(Acy)在所有土壤样本中均未被检出,南京城郊农业土壤15种ω(PAHs)的范围在24.49～925.54μg·kg^-1之间,平均值为259.88μg·kg^-1.PAHs含量由高到低依次为：林地>水田>菜地,总体上以高环PAHs(HMW)含量为主.不同土壤理化性质对PAHs的影响表明：土壤有机碳(TOC)和黏粒(clay)含量与PAHs存在一定的相关性,pH和全氮(TN)与PAHs无明显相关性.毒性当量法和CSI指数法表明,南京城郊农业土壤中PAHs生态风险较小,但是林地中应当给予一定的重视.增量终身癌症风险(ILCR)进行健康风险评价表明,儿童健康的威胁风险略大于成人,林地的总的致癌风险(CR)明显高于菜地和水田,仍处于可接受的范围内.对成人进行了蒙特卡洛模拟表明,确定性健康风险的风险分析低估了PAHs的健康风险.敏感性分析结果表明,对CR总方差影响最大的输入参数是暴露频率EF(占50.7%).     

沈阳市农村生活污水处理设施有机废弃物归趋

采用实地观察法、文献调查法对沈阳市农村生活污水处理设施基本状况进行研究分析。结果显示:沈阳市已建成农村生活污水处理设施297处,有机废弃物产生量(干重)约为:剩余污泥637 t/a、湿地植物废弃物169 t/a。     

Changes in soil microbial community structure associated with two types of genetically engineered plants analyzing by PLFA

With the rapid expansion of GEPs(genetically engineered plants), people are more and more concerned about the ecological risks brought by their release. Assessing the effect of GEPs on soil microbial ecology is indispensable to study their ecological risks. In our study, the phospholipids fatty acid(PLFA) method was used to analyze the microbial community of soil samples collected from fields with two types of GEPs-Bt transgenic com and PVY( potato virus Y) cell protein gene transgenic potato. The principal components analysis(PCA) showed all controls were on the right of related GEPs samples along the PC1 (the first principal component) axis, which means a decrease of fungi in soils with genetically engineered crop since most of PLFAs that are strongly positively correlated with PC1 represent fungi. For samples collected from Bt transgenic cornfield, the ratios of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria were less than those of controls. For samples of transgenic potato field, these ratios were lower than those of controls when soils were collected from deep layer(20-40 cm), but were higher when soils collected from surface layer(0-20 cm). For soils collected from 0-20 cm, the ratios of fungi to bacteria for all GEPs samples were at the same level. So were such rations for all controls. Changes of soil microbial community in two types of GEPs fields were detected in our study, but the causes and more information still needs further study.     

Cooperation between ligninolytic enzymes produced by superior mixed flora

Since the ability to degrade lignin with one kind of white-rot fungi or bacteria was very limited, superior mixed flora‘s ability to degrade lignin was investigated by an orthogonal experiment in this paper. The results showed that superior mixed flora reinforced the ability to degrade lignin, the degradation rates of both sample 9 and 10 were beyond 80% on the day 9. The cooperation between lignin peroxidase(LiP), Mn-dependent peroxidase(MnP) and laccase (Lac) for lignin degradation was also studied. By examining the activities of three enzymes produced by superior mixed flora, it was found that Lac was a key enzyme in the process of biological degradation of lignin but Lip was not; the enzyme activity ratios of Lac/MnP and Lac/LiP were significantly correlative with the degradation rate of lignin at the 0.01 level; and the ratio of MnP/LiP was an important factor affecting the degradation rate of lignin.     

快速杀灭紫茎泽兰的新技术研究

主要针对外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰的快速杀灭新技术进行研究。利用植物对某些营养元素的敏感性特点,研制出紫茎泽兰专用生长抑制剂。采用喷洒紫茎泽兰生长抑制剂的方式,达到抑制紫茎泽兰生长直至杀灭的目的,以及采用在原地种植替代植物的方式防止土地再次被紫茎泽兰侵占。