江苏省典型饮用水源地沉积物金属污染状况

选取江苏省三处典型水源地的11个采样点,对其沉积物中的金属含量及其可能造成的污染进行了研究。通过相关分析和因子分析,分别探讨了其可能产生的污染状况。结果表明,这三处水源地目前并未存在重金属污染,但有的地点的沉积物有可能成为水体潜在的污染源。     

超市警嫂

我拿着阳光工资,三口之家衣食无虞,享受饭来张口的生活,倒也惬意。妻似乎适应了家庭主妇的角色,除了买米买菜,一门不出二门不迈,对镜梳妆也已成了过去式。以为滋润日子万年长,妻却突然向我宣布,要去找工作重新再就业。她说无聊的时光难捱,老公的脸色难看;我作忏悔状表示痛改前非,苦劝不住,只得由她。     

香溪河流域不同介质中碳、氮、磷的分布特征及相关性研究

为了解香溪河流域碳、氮、磷的分布情况及水、陆生态系统中这些生源要素间的相互关系,对流域内河岸带土壤、河流水体及沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量进行调查,分析它们在流域内的分布特点,探讨各要素在3种介质间的相关性及随河流级别的变化规律。研究发现,超过60%的样点土壤中TOC、TN含量处于"较丰富"或"丰富"等级,耕地附近样点的TOC、TN和磷矿区附近样点的TP普遍偏高。河流水体及沉积物中各要素的含量都与土壤中的含量紧密相关,但水、陆介质间TP的相关性较TOC、TN强。低级别河流样点土壤中TOC、TN、C/P、N/P值和沉积物中C/P及N/P值整体较高级别河流样点高。结果表明:以磷矿开发和农业施肥为代表的人类活动,对香溪河流域内生源要素的含量及分布产生了显著影响;水体中P元素含量与陆源关系最强,在水体污染控制中应予以重视。     

Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China

In this study sediment samples were collected from 13 sites of Haihe River in Tianjin City, China, sixteen of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed in USEPA were analyzed by means of GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAH ranged from 774.81 to 255371.91 ng/g dw, and two to four rings of PAHs were dominant in sediment samples. Molecular ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and low-molecular-weight PAH/high-molecular-weight PAH, were used to study the possible sources of pollution. It indicated a mixed pattern of parolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in sediments in Haihe River. The petrogenic PAHs may be mainly derived from the leakage of refined products, e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil vehicle traffics or gas stations from urban area. The pyrolytic PAHs might be from the discharge of industrial wastewater and the emission of atmospheric particles from petrochemical factories. In addition, the levels of PAHs in the urban and industrial areas are far beyond the values reported from other rivers and marine systems reported. This situation may be due to polluted discharging from some petrochemical industrial manufactories and worse traffic conditions in Tianjin.     

Vertical distribution of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sedimentary core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China

The vertical profiles of nonylphenol （NP） and nonylphenol ethoxylates （NPEOs） were investigated in a sediment core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China using high sensitive LC-MS and GC-MS metthods In this core, relatively high concentrations of NP and NPEOs occurred in the surface sediment （≤40 cm）, with the maximum value of NP and NPEOs reaching 3539 and 12735 mg/g, respectively, whereas, no NP or NPEOs were detected in deeper sediments （〉40 cm）. The high concentrations of NP and NPEOs in the surface layers suggested recent inputs in this area. NPEOs with short ethoxy chains （NPnEO, n=0-3） were dominant in the NPEO mixture with percentages from 54% to 78%, which were similar to the distribution of homolog NPEO in effluents from nearby sewage treatment plants （STPs）, indicating that the channel received the effluents from these STPs. The sewage treatment ratio was quite similar to that found in North America before the 1980s. Finally, the concentrations of NP and NPEOs were related to the total organic carbon （TOC） （p〈0.001）, suggesting that TOC was an important factor for vertical distribution of NPEOs and NP from the Beipaiming Channel.     

嵌入式视频监控组件的设计与实现

在简要介绍了PECOS技术及其特点之后,结合嵌入式视频监控系统的基本需求,定义了嵌入式视频监控系统的主要组件.结合PECOS标准给出串口通信组件部分程序实例,最后对组件化程序设计中的几个关键问题进行了讨论.     

各国水体沉积物重金属质量基准的差异及原因分析

对8种重金属的海洋和淡水沉积物的质量基准进行了Box-Whisker图解分析,结果表明,各国水体沉积物重金属质量基准值均在2－3个数量级范围之间变化,相差超过4－5个数量级的极大值的出现,则通常与局部区域沉积物的污染程度和实验所用测试生物的敏感性有关,同时剖析了造成基准差异性的原因,以便从总体上对我国水体沉积物质量基准的制定有所启发和借鉴。     

浙江某农场土壤和沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究农田土壤及沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附作用.实验表明,水相氨氮浓度为5～100 mg/L时,风干农田土壤、风干沟渠沉积物及新鲜沟渠沉积物3种吸附剂的吸附等温线均呈良好线性关系,并符合Freundlich吸附模式;农田土壤与沟渠沉积物的氨氮背景含量分别为12 mg·kg^-1和92 mg·kg^-1,并且农田土壤对氨氮的吸附系数为8.21,而风干沟渠沉积物与新鲜沟渠沉积物吸附系数分别为5.42与6.84,因此,土壤的吸附能力要大于沟渠沉积物,后两者的吸附能力相近.对3种吸附剂吸附机制的讨论表明,吸附特性与界面性质相关,实验氨氮浓度范围内吸附作用主要为离子交换.相同实验条件下,当初始氨氮浓度较大时,随温度升高,3种吸附剂对氨氮的平衡吸附量减小,对氨氮的吸附为弱放热过程.     

沉积物-水系统中氮磷变化与上覆水对藻类生长的影响

研究了灭菌、抑制剂添加和磷添加对沉积物-水模拟系统中氮磷转化的影响,并利用试验后的上覆水培养四尾栅藻.结果表明,灭菌增大了系统平衡时上覆水的总磷(TP)浓度,对系统中氮的影响不大; 添加抑制剂组与对照组沉积物-水模拟系统的TP、溶解性总磷(DTP)和总氮(TN)的浓度接近,但抑制剂组的NO^-₃-N含量为19.2 mg·L^-1,明显高于对照组;沉积物对添加的磷有强烈的吸附作用,导致系统平衡时上覆水TP的浓度降低.灭菌组上覆水的藻类生物量高于对照组,主要是因为灭菌导致上覆水TP浓度高于对照组;抑制剂组的最高藻类生物量(224.5×10⁴个·L^-1)远远超过对照组(26×10⁴个·L^-1),且为其它2组试验(灭菌组22.5×10⁴个·L^-1和磷添加组38.5×10⁴个·L^-1)的5～10倍,抑制剂的添加抑制了沉积物-水模拟系统中微生物对某些元素的利用,而这些元素对藻类生长起重要作用;磷添加对试验初藻类生长无明显影响,随着试验进行,磷添加组的藻类适应生长环境,迅速增长,生物量远远超过对照组.灭菌和添加抑制剂组生物可利用磷的增加是由于藻类生物量的增加,而导致了不稳定态的有机磷的增加.     

黄河(内蒙古段)水体中沉积物的表面特征

运用表面络合原理,研究了内蒙古清水河县喇嘛湾黄河干流沉积物的表面特征.根据酸碱滴定求得沉积物的零电点pH(PZC),表面质子电荷密度σH及总吸附位NS,运用恒定容量模式求定了样品的表面固有酸度常数.研究表明,应用恒定容量模式研究天然水体沉积物的表面特征是可行的,在一定程度上能较好地吻合实验数据.