富铁酸性硫酸盐体系施氏矿物附着包裹硫杆菌的Fe2+氧化能力研究

探究富铁酸性硫酸盐体系次生铁矿物附着包裹硫杆菌的Fe~(2+)氧化活性,对揭示次生铁矿物调控酸性矿山废水形成过程具有指导意义.本研究首先采用摇瓶实验合成次生铁矿物—施氏矿物,然后将脱水后的0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物直接或溶解后加入到pH为2.50的富铁酸性硫酸盐体系(改进型9K液体培养基)中进行Fe~(2+)氧化,分析体系pH、Fe~(2+)氧化率、次生铁矿物产生量等相关指标.研究表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在脱水施氏矿物的附着包裹量为2×10~8cells·g~(-1).0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物直接加入体系经过108 h培养,pH分别下降至2.28、2.25、2.24及2.22;Fe~(2+)氧化速率随着施氏矿物加入量的增加而增加,且各体系Fe~(2+)氧化率在108 h均达到100%,此时次生铁矿物产生量分别是3.05、3.30、3.61与3.70 g·L~(-1).然而,0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物溶解后进入的相应体系经过108 h培养后,pH分别下降至2.19、2.18、2.10及2.02;Fe~(2+)氧化速率随着施氏矿物溶解量的增加而增加,各体系Fe~(2+)氧化率在96 h均达到100%,各体系次生铁矿物在108 h时的产生量分别是6.16、6.44、6.76与7.89 g·L~(-1).可见,施氏矿物对硫杆菌的吸附包裹作用致使体系Fe~(2+)氧化效率降低,次生铁矿物合成量减少,酸化程度减弱.     

畜禽粪便污染负荷及风险评估——以杭州市为例

针对规模化畜禽养殖业发达地区畜禽粪便引发的重金属和可溶性盐污染负荷重等问题,以杭州市为例,分析了杭州市各区县由畜禽粪便引起的氮、磷污染负荷.同时,通过空间分析与基于土壤盐分和重金属累积模型的模拟预警分析,评估了畜禽粪便农用过程中对温室土壤次生盐渍化和重金属累积的潜在影响.结果表明,杭州市畜禽粪便氮磷污染负荷分布不均,以...     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

山东烟台金斗山金矿非金属矿物成因矿物学研究

对产于烟台金斗山金矿内的贯通性非金属矿物石英及碳酸盐类的化学成分、晶体习性、流体包裹体和天然热发光特征做了研究 ,结果表明 ,矿床的主成矿阶段的环境介质为酸性偏中性 ,富矿和贫矿石英的热发光曲线均为双峰型 ,但峰点温度、总积分强度有显著差异。碳酸盐类矿物的总体演化趋势为从富镁铁向富钙方向演化 ,碳酸盐热发光曲线的峰型和积分强度是判别成矿期和非成矿期碳酸盐的可信参数。     

粘土矿物在废水处理中的应用

粘土矿物由于其良好的吸附性能已在废水处理中得到广泛应用,尤其是改性后的粘土矿物吸附效果更为显著.本文介绍了高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石几种典型粘土矿物的矿物学特性、矿物改性及其在水处理中的应用现状,并阐述了其吸附机理.     

磷灰石在废水治理中的应用

由于具有特殊的晶体化学特点,天然磷灰石可以作为一种新型环境功能矿物材料用于对含重金属废水的处理。对Cd^2 ,Pb^2 ,Fe^2 ,[UO2]^2 ,Cu^2 ,Zn^2 ,Cr^6 ,和Hg^2 等离子的吸附实验结果表明,磷灰石对绝大多数重金属离子去除效果很好。在室温和pH为3、作用时间为60min的实验条件下,Pb^2 去除率可达99．4％,饱和吸附容量超过1100mg/g。主要的去除机理包括吸附、表面络合、溶解－沉淀以及重金属离子与晶格中之间的离子交换作用。一般而言,被吸附的重金属离子可固化在晶格中而不出现解吸,因此不会产生二次污染。影响去除效果的因素包括磷矿石的类型、磷灰石的矿物成分、介质pH值、温度、吸附时间、离子的初始浓度、样品的粒度和用量等。通常,羟基磷灰石的效果优于氟磷灰石的,硅质磷块岩的效果优于钙质磷块岩的,结构碳酸根的存在能量增加比表面积从而增加反应活性。对于不同离子,最佳pH值条件不同。温度的升高有利于反应的快速进行,但一般地说60－180min即可达到平衡。     

利用矿物材料治理重金属污染

通过矿物的结构特点说明了,矿物材料的净化作用,阐述了粘土矿物、盐类矿物及氧化物矿物对重金属污染物的净化机理。     

5种天然矿物修复铅污染沉积物的实验研究

以重金属离子Pb2+为研究对象,通过吸附解吸实验,研究了沸石、方解石、钾长石、钙基和钠基膨润土等5种天然矿物材料对水体中Pb2+的吸附固定效果,它们的吸附等温线都符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。结果表明试验所用方解石对Pb2+的饱和吸附量约为185mg/g,是其他几种材料的2～3倍,而且方解石对Pb2+具有明显的不可逆吸附现象,使得吸附后的Pb很难解析下来,说明方解石对水溶液中Pb2+的固定能力非常强。利用模拟自然水体性质的电解液对方解石吸附后Pb的生物有效性进行评价,结果表明被方解石固定后Pb的生物有效性非常低。最后结合方解石作为原位活性覆盖材料的经济可行性和生态风险性分析,说明方解石作为重金属污染沉积物修复的原位活性覆盖材料具有较强的实际可操作性,为后继的重金属污染沉积物的原位活性覆盖技术提供理论支持。     

土壤及土壤矿物对类胡敏酸的吸附解吸及其影响因素研究

应用平衡吸附法,研究了不同pH值、离子强度、类胡敏酸浓度和接触时间条件下,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对类胡敏酸(HLA)的吸附作用.结果表明:随着HLA浓度的增加,土壤及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增加.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附等温线均为L型,其吸附不可逆性表现为白浆土＞蒙脱石＞黑土.通过Langmiur方程计算,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA达到吸附平衡时的最大吸附量分别为764.7、790.3 mg·g-1,而黑土为35.27 mg·g-1.Freundlich方程可以很好地描述白浆土、蒙脱石对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线,而Temkin方程可以很好地描述黑土对HLA的吸附和解吸等温线.同时,3种材料的吸附自由能△G°＜0,吸附热Qm ＞0,表明其对HLA的吸附是自发的、放热的过程.随着pH的升高,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量减少;随离子强度的增加,黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附量增大.黑土、白浆土及蒙脱石对HLA的吸附动力学过程划分为快反应和慢反应阶段,其中,蒙脱石、白浆土对HLA的吸附动力学过程用一级动力学方程拟合的效果最好,而对黑土而言,用Elovich方程描述更合适.