Comprehensive characterization of ambient nanoparticles collected near an industrial science park: Particle size distributions and relationships with environmental factors

We investigated the characteristics of ambient particles and their relationships with various environmental factors, including gaseous pollutants (CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), total hydrocarbons (THC), NOx, CO, SO2), meteorological parameters (humidity, temperature), and time (day/night, workday/weekend). We used an electrical low-pressure cascade impactor to measure the number and size distributions of ambient particles (0.007–10 m) that were collected approximately 1 km northwest of Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan between February and May 2007. The number concentrations of particles were enhanced through photochemical reactions during the day. In addition, high traffic flow during workdays increased the formation of particulates. Except for SO2, all of the gaseous pollutants we studied (CH4, NMHC, THC, NOx, CO) correlated positively with the total number concentrations of ambient particles during daytime, indicating that they might contribute to the particulate burden. The poorer relationship between the SO2 level and the total number concentration of particles suggests that SO2 might participate indirectly in the nucleation process during particle formation, The high enrichment factors for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Mn, which mostly comprised the ultrafine particles (diameter: < 0.1 m) and fine particles (diameter: 0.1–1 m), presumably arose from emissions from traffic and high technology factories. Heterogeneous reactions on solid particles might play a role in the removal of SOx and NOx from the atmosphere. Sulfides and nitrides can further react with these local pollutants, forming specific Cu-containing compounds: CuO (39%), CuSO4 (34%), and Cu(NO3)2 (27%), within the ambient particles in this industrial area.     

ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤半焦表面性质及其中高温脱汞性能的影响

利用ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤进行浸渍后在700℃条件下热解制备改性半焦,采用N2吸附/脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等手段对ZnCl_2处理前后两种半焦表面物化性质进行了表征,在小型固定床反应器上研究了ZnCl_2溶液浸渍处理前后褐煤半焦对气态单质汞(Hg~0)的脱除性能.结果表明,经过ZnCl_2处理得到的半焦(ZSC)具有发达的孔隙结构,其表面含氧官能团含量和数量有所提高,并出现了新的C-Cl基团;在100~360℃温度范围内,制备的改性半焦ZSC的脱汞效率随温度升高而降低,但在中高温条件下仍表现出良好的脱汞性能;在化学吸附过程中,气态Hg0被C-Cl基团氧化为HgCl或HgCl_2,同时Hg~0与半焦表面含氧官能团结合生成HgO,Hg~0最终以HgCl_2或HgO的形式附着在半焦表面.     

Photochemical properties and source of pollutants during continuous pollution episodes in Beijing, October, 2011

Beijing sufered from serious air pollution in October, 2011 with the occurrence of three continuous episodes. Here we analyze the pollution status of particulate matter, the relationship between the gaseous pollutants, physical and chemical properties of single particles, and the profile of watersoluble ions in PM2.5during the three episodes. Regional and photochemically aged air masses, which were characterized as having high values of O3and SO2, were hypothesized to have played a dominant role in the first episode. After mixing local air masses with freshly-emitted primary pollutants, the concentration of NOx continued to increase and the size of SO4 2, NO3 and NH4 +in the particle population continued to become smaller. The amount of elemental carbon-rich and organic carbonrich particles in the scaled single particles(0.2–2 μm) and water-soluble K+in PM2.5also increased in the episodes. All the available information suggests that the biomass or fuel burning sources in or around Beijing may have had a huge impact on the last two episodes.     

轻型汽油车稳态工况下的尾气排放特征

选取不同排放标准的127辆轻型汽油客车和10辆轻型汽油货车为研究对象,利用便携式车载测试系统(portable emission measurement system, PEMS)结合台架稳态工况(acceleration simulation mode, ASM),探究了不同工况与车辆参数对轻型汽油车气态污染物二氧化碳(CO_2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、碳氢化合物(HC)和甲烷(CH_4)排放的影响.结果表明,轻型汽油车气态污染物在怠速工况下的排放率较低,仅为加速工况和匀速工况的22.9%和25.8%.污染物排放特征与工况密切相关,CO_2和NO_x在加速工况时的排放率小于匀速工况,而CO、HC和CH_4在加速工况时的排放率却大于匀速工况.在低速稳态下,轻型汽油客车和轻型汽油货车CO_2、CO、NO_x、HC和CH_4的排放因子分别为383.20、 2.98、 1.60、 0.14和0.03 g·km~(-1)和360.66、 2.64、 1.61、 0.005 5和0.002 7 g·km~(-1).排放标准的加严带来了明显减排效果,CO、NO_x、HC和CH_4的排放因子从国Ⅰ～国Ⅴ分别下降了87.5%、 97.3%、 97.9%和86.4%.车龄、行驶里程和基准质量与车辆污染物的排放存在非线性关系,发动机排量与机动车的尾气污染物的排放呈正相关.     

燃煤烟气中气态Hg0污染物吸附剂的研究进展

对目前燃煤烟气中气态Hg0污染物吸附剂进行了分类研究,重点总结了碳基吸附剂、层状矿物类吸附剂、磁性吸附剂等3类吸附剂的特点,对气态Hg0的吸附效果及吸附机理进行了深入探讨.通过分析比较,提出了研制高效吸附剂的主要途径,并展望了气态Hg0吸附剂的发展趋势.     

环境空气中气态和颗粒态总氟化物分析方法优化

对双层磷酸氢二钾浸渍滤膜采集-氟离子选择电极测定环境空气中1、24 h气态和颗粒态总氟化物的方法进行了优化研究。方法采用小流量采集(24 h采样流量为16.7 L/min,1 h采样流量为50 L/min),解决了现有方法在样品采集上的问题,优化了样品制备中超声提取和静置方法。采样体积为3、24 m~3时,方法检出限分别为0.5、0.06μg/m~3,测定下限分别为2.0、0.24μg/m~3。实际样品测定,采样1 h时,加标回收率为87.9%~109%;采样24 h时,加标回收率为80.2%~99.3%,平行样测定的精密度为0.3%~2.9%,方法精密度和准确度良好,适用于环境空气中氟化物的测定。     

株洲夏季大气中气态总汞浓度特征

为研究株洲市夏季优良天气下大气中气态总汞(TGM)的浓度特征,于2013年8月利用大气汞分析仪(2537X,加拿大)进行了20 d的连续在线观测。结果显示,实验期间株洲市大气TGM的平均浓度为(4.20±3.37)ng/m3,中值浓度为3.40 ng/m3,高于背景地区和沿海城市,略低于国内其他重点城市。晴天、阴雨天TGM浓度分别为3.59、7.96 ng/m3。晴天TGM浓度具有一定日变化规律,最高值出现在早上7:00~9:00,之后逐渐降低,17:00出现最低值;TGM白天和夜间浓度分别为3.57、3.62 ng/m3,昼夜变化不大。晴天TGM与一次污染物SO2、CO、NO2具有显著的正相关性,与O3呈显著负相关性。株洲市夏季主导风向为东南风,该方向没有明显污染源,西北方向风向频率较低,但TGM浓度明显升高,其主要来源可能是位于西北方向的清水塘工业区。     

氚化水(HTO)气态释放后在大豆中的积累和转化研究

为了研究气态氚化水(Tritiated water,HTO)事故释放情况下其在植物中的迁移转化情况,选取盆栽大豆作为研究对象,分别在苗期、花荚期、灌浆期和成熟期模拟气态氚化水短期释放1 h,分不同时期采集样品测量大豆叶片和籽粒中的组织自由水氚(Tissue free water tritium,TFWT)和有机氚(Organically bound tritium,OBT)浓度,研究了TFWT和OBT的变化情况.结果表明,如果暴露试验在苗期和成熟期进行,叶片中的TFWT与周围空气中氚化水达到平衡的时间大于1 h,而花荚期和灌浆期则小于1 h.总的来说,随着时间的推移,大豆叶片和籽粒中的TFWT和OBT均呈现降低的趋势,与暴露试验结束后相比,差异达极显著水平.4个不同生育期进行暴露试验,收获时叶片中TFWT浓度分别为暴露试验结束时的 0.122%、0.0234%、0.0948%和75.87%,OBT的浓度分别为暴露试验结束时的 2.47%、4.32%、3.67%和31.68%;花荚期、灌浆期和成熟期进行暴露试验收获时籽粒中TFWT的浓度与暴露试验结束时TFWT的浓度相差倍数分别为6486、7902和4,OBT的浓度分别为暴露试验结束时的31.48%、32.03%和116.73%.4个不同生育期进行暴露试验,收获时大豆籽粒中的OBT与TFWT的浓度比率分别为5、9、34和0.4,说明摄入剂量中OBT的贡献大于TFWT,但气态氚化水在大豆成熟期释放,TFWT在摄入剂量的贡献中要大于OBT.因此,在植物氚浓度预测模型中,应根据气态氚化水事故释放时植物所处的不同生育期确定相应的参数,这样才能更为准确和客观的评价氚的摄入剂量.     

小型化自动在线大气汞分析仪的开发及移动观测应用

基于金汞齐-冷原子荧光法开发了一套小型气态元素汞(TGM)在线监测仪,该仪器采用真空系统设计,体积小、重量轻,可实现无人值守自动运行,适用于车载移动观测.实验测试表明,仪器在典型时间分辨率4 min条件下的检出限能达到0.2 ng·m~(-3),优于商品化大气汞分析仪;且具有较高的精密度,标气重复实验相对偏差2%,工作曲线拟合优度R~20.999.将该仪器搭载于机动车内,对北京市四、五环路沿线气态元素汞进行了移动监测,测得四环路与五环路TGM平均浓度分别为2.25、2.63 ng·m~(-3).该仪器可提供高时空分辨率的大气汞浓度数据,可为气态元素汞的监测和污染控制提供技术支持.     

南京市交通流与NO2、CO时空分布特征关系研究

基于南京RFID基站2014年数据,获取南京市主城区范围内多条道路车流量、车速、车队构成信息,结合南京市国控空气质量监测站点NO_2、CO浓度数据,从时间、空间两个维度对交通流特征及污染物浓度趋势进行分析,并对其相关性进行讨论.结果表明,南京市2014年交通第一季度最通畅,第四季度车速最低;2月车流量最低,12月最高,且12月是周末流量最高的月份;工作日早晚高峰车流量与车速变化趋势明显,节假日平缓;夜间大型车辆占近25%.NO_2与CO浓度在2月下降明显,在10—12月攀升到较高水平,与交通流变化趋势同步;净浓度日变化趋势呈双峰,与车流量变化相关性系数在0.57~0.82之间;空间关系上,路网密集、交通拥堵区域污染物浓度明显高于其他区域,表明南京市交通流与气态污染物NO_2、CO变化趋势有高度时空关联.