Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process forwastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d totreat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage.Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS)was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in correspondinginfluent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet therequirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). Theremoval rates of COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradationis indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network(BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4+-N was5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The resultsindicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4+-N, turbidity and LAS. Italso suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters insubmarine.     

工业废水排放量和治理投资费用的预测

利用1996—2005年相关统计数据以及专项调查数据,对重点排放行业工业废水的产生、排放特征以及治理费用函数进行分析,建立了分行业的宏观工业废水排放和治理费用预测模型,并预测了2006—2020年工业废水排放趋势、投资需求以及减排重点. 结果表明:到2010年,工业废水和COD_Cr产生量分别为646×108～658×108和1 575×104～2 031×104 t,二者的排放量将分别介于234×108～301×108和441.1×104～609.2×104 t;“十一五期间工业废水治理投资和治理费用如不能达到8 000×108元,将面临COD_Cr减排目标不能完成的风险.      

小型燃油锅炉大气污染物排放特征

燃料燃烧是大气污染物的重要来源之一,对人体健康、空气质量和气候变化产生严重影响. 以85台小型燃油锅炉(≤10.5 MW)的颗粒物(PM),SO₂和NO_x排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了大气污染物PM,SO₂和NO_x的排放特征及其影响因素,分析了我国小型燃油锅炉PM,SO₂和NO_x的排放现状. 结果表明,在未采取控制措施的条件下,ρ(PM)与燃油灰分〔w(灰分)〕和硫含量〔w(S)〕无关;而在过量空气系数(α)>1时,ρ(SO₂)与燃油w(S)之间呈现显著的正线性相关性;ρ(NO_x)与燃油氮含量〔w(N)〕不具有相关性,而随过量空气系数的增大而增大. 实测得到ρ(PM),ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO_x)平均值分别为20.0,259.9和318.2 mg/m3;所有测试锅炉的ρ(PM)远远小于《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB13271—2001)所规定的最高允许排放限值,有90%以上的锅炉达到ρ(SO₂)最高允许排放限值,有84%的锅炉达到ρ(NO_x)最高允许排放限值.      

包埋类脂的吸附剂制备及吸附POPs性能

用丙酮作溶剂将三油酸甘油酯分散到醋酸纤维(CA)基体中,采用悬浮聚合的方法制备出了一种兼具亲水性,又能高倍富集持久性有机污染物的球形复合吸附剂。通过对分散剂的种类及其用量、悬浮介质的种类及其用量的研究,获得了球形复合吸附剂的最佳合成路线与工艺.球形吸附剂粒径为1～2mm。通过荧光分析和电镜扫描分析,表明三油酸甘油酯已被包埋到醋酸纤维基体中,并得到了均匀分散。采用七氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、灭蚁灵为代表性的持久性有机污染物(POPs)。动力学吸附实验表明,当初始浓度为1μg/L时,在快速吸附阶段,溶液中80%的氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂可得到有效去除,但并没有达到吸附平衡。快速吸附完后,还在持续地进行慢速吸附。而对于灭蚁灵,吸附速度远远低于其他几种POPs。实验证明了吸附速度不仅与辛醇/水系数有关,而且还与有机污染物的分子结构有关。     

长三角重点行业大气污染物排放及控制对策

研究重点分析了长江三角洲地区电力和水泥行业的大气污染物排放特征,并结合相关行业统计数据和污染物排放因子,对2004年这两个重点行业的大气污染物排放量进行了估算。结论如下:长三角地区火电行业2004年SO2、烟尘、NOX和燃煤大气汞排放量分别为149.2×104t、21.1×104t、87.6×104t和13.7t。2004年江、浙、沪三地水泥行业共排放工艺粉尘76.2×104t,其中PM10为70.1×104t、PM2.5为45.9×104t,气态污染物SO2、NOX、CO和氟化物排放量分别为12.4×104t、49.5×104t、247.9×104t和7.4×104t。并对长三角地区电力和水泥行业的污染控制问题提出一些相关举措。     

农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用

非点源污染的负荷定量化研究是控制、评价和管理非点源污染的基础.农业非点源污染负荷估算包括农田排水估算和排水中的污染物浓度预测2个环节.依据水量平衡原理,农田排水应用DRAINMOD模型估算;将农田的施肥和灌溉过程合成作为田间污染物浓度的脉冲输入,农田排水中的污染物浓度变化则视作对应于此脉冲输入的响应过程,而污染物在田间的复杂迁移转化过程以逆高斯概率密度函数隐含表达.以此为基础,构建了农田尺度农业非点源污染负荷估算模型.以青铜峡灌区典型试验区为例,对稻田排水沟中硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷(TP)的负荷过程进行了模拟,结果表明,模型估算结果和实测污染物负荷过程非常接近,Nash-Suttcliffe模拟效率系数分别为0.963和0.945,表明该模型具有较高的可靠性.     

环境税国际经验及对中国启示

环境税的国际比较 环境税制体系归纳 发达国家大多已开征专门的环境税种,虽征收对象与方法不尽相同,大体上可以总结为污染排放税、能源消费税、机动车税和资源税等.     

纳米二氧化锰制备及在环境治理方面应用的研究进展

二氧化锰(MnO2)是一种重要的两性过渡金属氧化物,在工业生产和环境治理中有着广泛的应用.本文讨论了近年来国内外纳米MnO2材料合成的研究进展,如水热合成法、有机一水两相反应法、共沉淀法、回流冷却法、凝胶-溶胶法及热分解法等.对MnO2在有机污染物的吸附降解、处理含Cd、Pb和As等重金属废水方面的应用做了介绍.     

中国稳步推进污染物排污权有偿使用和交易试点

据获悉中国财政部,财政部、环境保护部2009年3月2日批复同意浙江省在太湖流域杭嘉湖地区和钱塘江流域开展COD排污权有偿使用和交易试点,同时在全省范围开展SO2排污权有偿使用和交易试点。