北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布

2004-09在北京325 m气象塔的8、80、240 m 3个不同高度,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、K⁺的浓度在0.43～1.1 μm出现峰值;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;Na⁺,Cl^-的浓度在0.65～1.1 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,二次离子（SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）的峰值从“凝结模态"向“液滴模态"移动,高湿度可能是形成液滴模态的重要原因.二次离子（SO₄^2-,NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）随着高度升高,浓度有增加的趋势;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在80 m出现高值;K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-的垂直分布比较均匀.     

路堤荷载下带桩帽刚性桩复合地基桩土应力比分析

路堤一般由填土、碎石等散体材料组成,刚性桩复合地基中,桩土刚度差异较大引起的桩土间沉降差异,会导致路堤内部出现相对竖向位移。通过路堤填土的受力平衡分析,根据桩土差异沉降,求解出桩帽和桩帽间土体的应力分配,并结合桩帽下应力分配得出桩身应力,最终求解出桩土应力比及桩的荷载分担比例。工程实例监测结果验证了文中计算公式的适用性和可靠性。通过分析计算结果和实测结果,得出了一些路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的承载规律,可供理论研究和工程设计参考。     

刚性桩复合地基的理论、实测与安全性研究

科学合理的设计理论是工程安全性和经济性的保障,现场监测是确保工程安全和质量最有效的手段。本文以提高刚性桩复合地基工程的安全性为目的,围绕关乎建筑物安全的“沉降量”等参数指标,从设计理论与试验监测两个方面开展研究。本文完善了刚性桩复合地基的设计理论,通过现场监测试验取得了第一手的数据资料,可作为今后类似工程的设计和施工参考。本研究为进一步提高刚性桩复合地基的安全性提供了理论和实践保障。     

Modeling of air quality with a modified two-dimensional Eulerian model： A case study in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China

A modified two-dimensional Eulerian air quality model was used to simulate both the gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations during October 21-24, 2004 in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region, China. The most significant improvement to the model is the added capability to predict the secondary organic aerosols （SOA） concentrations because of the inclusion of the SOA formation chemistry. The meteorological input data were prepared using the CALMET meteorological model. The concentrations of aerosol-bound species such as NO3^-, NH4^＋, SO4^2-, and SOA were calculated in the fine particle size range （〈2.5 μm）. The results of the two-dimensional model were compared to the measurements at the ground level during the PRD Intensive Monitoring Campaign （IMC）. Overall, there were good agreements between the measured and modeled concentrations of inorganic aerosol components and O3. Both the measured and the modeled results indicated that the maximum hourly O3 concentrations exceeded the China National Air Quality Standard. The predicted 24-h average SOA concentrations were in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the method of minimum OC/EC ratio.     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

南京市2000~2014年城市建设用地变化及驱动因子研究

基于土地利用模型测度2000~2014年南京市城市建设用地的动态变化,再运用典型相关分析、主成分分析及逐步回归分析组合的偏最小二乘回归法对南京市城市建设用地的驱动因子进行分析。结果表明：（1）2000~2014年南京市城市建设用地面积总体上呈上升趋势,年均增长率为11.73%;（2）南京市用地结构信息熵呈波动下降趋势,城市建设用地系统结构性增强,但是用地扩展的综合效益趋降;（3）人口增长、道路扩展、投资水平提高及文化产业发展等能够较好的解释南京市城市建设用地的增长,这4类因子对城市建设用地变化具有正向作用;（4）逐步线性回归结果表明,园林绿地面积的增加相对其他因子对南京市建设用地规模增长的作用最大,其次是道路长度和公路里程。     

基于不透水表面指数的城市扩张趋势及驱动机制分析——以南京市为例

城市扩张趋势及驱动机制研究存在两大难题:(1)传统景观数据的混合像元问题影响城市扩张趋势研究的准确性;(2)城市扩张驱动因子的共线性问题影响驱动机制研究结论的可靠性.针对上述问题,以南京市为例,利用不透水表面分析结果,采用不透水面加权平均重心分析、线性方向均值分析及标准差椭圆分析方法开展2000～2017年城市扩张趋势研究,并利用偏最小二乘回归分析方法对城市扩张驱动机制开展定性及定量分析.结果表明:南京市整体上表现为多中心非同步的蔓延式扩张;2000～2017年的3个时间跨度内,南京市整体的不透水表面扩张速度不断增长,年均不透水表面加权平均重心转移距离分别为303,379,611 m,全市尺度上往顺时针偏北259.12.方向转移2 564 m,具体到各辖区,重心转移距离存在较大差异;城市扩张的外部形态特征具有明显的方向性,2000、2005、2010以及2017年4个时期,不透水表面的标准差椭圆扁率均在2.232以上,主要表现为南北向扩张,各辖区扩张方向性不同;城市外部空间特征及发展战略、河流水系及自然保护区分布、土地利用规划等因素表现为对城市扩张方向的约束和限制作用;第二产业从业人员数量、人口密度、第三产业固定资产投资额、地区生产总值、城乡人均可支配收入等因素成为影响城市扩张规模的主要因素.     

我与《环境教育》

正时间如白驹过隙,弹指一挥间,《环境教育》已经20岁了,我们也整整相识15年了。这15年间,我一直坚守在环境教育第一线,教环保、做环保、写环保,杂志亦如忠实贴心的朋友,不离不弃,陪伴左右,呈现我的陈述,传达我的声音,服务我的教学,同时牵连着我和编辑们的感情。因为有你,我的工作中便有了志趣相投的同仁,使我在环保路上不再孤单;因为有你,我的人生中便有了志存高远的朋友,每每想起都是温馨的笑脸和温暖的话语,     

垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了了解垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布规律,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气微生物进行了系统的定点取样、测定和分析。研究结果表明,空气细菌粒径分布均为第Ⅰ级(>8.2 μm)最高,填埋区空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,渗滤液处理区、生活区分别在第Ⅳ级和第Ⅲ级出现第2个峰值。携带细菌的可吸入微粒在渗滤液处理区比例最大。空气真菌与放线菌均在第Ⅳ级分布最高,携带真菌和放线菌的可吸入粒子的比例显著大于细菌(P<0.05)。填埋区不同作业时段空气微生物粒径在各级分布比例基本一致。填埋区细菌气溶胶中值直径为5.7 μm,渗滤液处理区为3.7 μm,生活区为5.3 μm,显著大于真菌气溶胶和放线菌气溶胶的中值直径(P<0.05)。