水力停留时间和搅拌速率对搅拌反应器回收尿液中磷的研究

鸟粪石沉淀法可以在搅拌反应器中回收尿液中的磷,而水力停留时间和搅拌速率对鸟粪石晶体的形成有重要影响.因此,本文在搅拌反应器中通过分批实验研究了水力停留时间(0.5、1.0和2.0 h)和搅拌速率(80、160和320 r·min-1)对尿液中磷的回收率和鸟粪石晶体粒径的影响.结果表明,水力停留时间从0.5 h增至2 h时,磷回收率从88.9%增至95.4%,而鸟粪石晶体平均粒径从124.4μm下降为71.2μm.随搅拌速率从80 r·min-1增至320 r·min-1,磷回收率从88.7%增至93.4%,而鸟粪石晶体平均粒径从37.0μm增至78.9μm.较短的水力停留时间和较高的搅拌速率更有利于大粒径的鸟粪石晶体形成,但对磷回收率影响有限.搅拌速率为160 r·min-1时,鸟粪石回收率最高为78.7%,可以得到纯度很高的鸟粪石晶体,而较高和较低的搅拌速率都不利于提高鸟粪石回收率.     

德国将中止页岩气钻探,因勘探技术或污染地下水

正据美国《华尔街日报》报道,德国计划未来七年中止页岩气钻探,原因是担心页岩气的勘探技术可能会污染地下水.据报道,页岩气的开采需要使用水力压裂技术.这种技术是用掺入水、沙子和化学物质的高压混合物将岩石层压裂,从而释放出天然气.德国政府计划禁止在离地表不到3000m的钻探作业中使用水力压裂技术,并希望在明年初制定一项法令.这一禁令将于2021年被重新评估.     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

Mechanism and rate constants for complete series reactions of 19 fluorophenols with atomic H

Fluorine-containing halogenated fluorophenol may have efect as intermediate species involved in the formation of polyfluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans(PFDDs/Fs). The mechanism for the atomic H initiated reactions with complete series of nineteen fluorophenol congeners was studies using the density functional theory. At the MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level, the geometries and frequencies of reactants, transition states, and products were obtained, and the accurate energetic values were acquired at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. The rate constants were evaluated by the canonical variational transition-state theory with the small curvature tunneling contribution over a wide temperature range of 600–1000 K. The study shows that the intramolecular hydrogen-bond in the ortho-substituted FPs as well as the inductive efect of the electron-withdrawing fluorine and steric repulsion of multiple substitutions may ultimately be responsible for the relative strength of the O–H bonds in FPs. The results can be used for further studies on PFDD/Fs formation mechanism.     

生物膜-活性污泥处理城市污水的中试研究

在节能环保领域中,城市污水的处理多数采用活性污泥法,为了改善出水水质,需要在原工艺基础上改造工艺,采用一种污泥龄短的强化生物膜与活性污泥相结合的新工艺,由于这是一个新的方向,因此需要在改造设计前进行实验研究来观察水处理效果。因此,改系统在去除污水化学需氧量和生化需氧量的同时,能有效地去除氨氮,总氮和总磷,实现节能环保的良好效果。     

水力停留时间对MFC-A2/O工艺处理生活污水的影响

在10 L的A~2/O反应器中构建微生物燃料电池(MFC)系统,以厌氧段作为阳极室去除有机物,缺氧段作为阴极室去除硝酸盐.结果发现,30 d左右可以达到最大输出电流.系统启动后进入稳定期对水力停留时间(HRT)进行优化,结果表明,当HRT=16 h时可以获得最佳出水效果,此时MFC的出水COD、总氮浓度分别比对照A~2/O反应器低14.6%和10.1%,在100Ω外阻下的输出功率密度为612 m W·m~(-3);当HRT=12 h时,产电效果最好,最大输出功率密度可以达到808 m W·m~(-3).     

组合生物滤池对养殖废水的净化效率及影响因素分析

生物滤池作为一种有效的污水处理技术,已有广泛应用.但是关于组合生物滤池净化效能与影响因素系统分析仍然缺乏报道.为此,设计构建了曝气垂直流滤池+折流式水平流滤池的组合系统,通过设定不同的水力负荷(131、94、60mm·d-1)及分流比(8∶2、6∶4、4∶6)来探究运行工况的调整对组合系统净化效能的影响.结果表明,曝气垂直流滤池对有机物、氨氮及溶解性氮的平均去除率在80%以上,而折流式水平流滤池对氨氮、总氮及溶解性氮的平均去除率在40%以下.不同运行工况对生物滤池的净化效能存在显著影响,且两种不同类型滤池的净化效能也存在显著差异(P0.05).氧化分解是两种滤池中有机物去除的主要途径之一.两种滤池内都存在明显的硝化-反硝化,它们是滤池去除总氮的主要途径.垂直流滤池内的硝化-反硝化强度都高于水平流滤池.磷的去除主要受控于水力负荷、温度、溶解氧、有机物等,表明微生物吸收是滤池除磷的主要方式之一.相比于单一垂直流滤池,组合系统对总有机物和总磷的去除分别提高了4.4%和23.2%,对总氮的去除却降低了12.1%.降低分流比有助于提升水平流滤池反硝化强度,但是由于从原水中引入过多的氨氮,又水平流滤池的硝化能力有限,进而导致组合系统总氮去除率下降.因此,根据处理原水组成,控制适宜的分流比、停留时间及滤池内的氧化还原条件是提升该组合系统整体净化效果的关键.     

3DBER-S-Fe同步脱氮除磷及去除邻苯二甲酸酯的工艺特性

为探究三维电极生物膜耦合硫铁新工艺(3DBER-S-Fe)脱氮除磷并同步去除邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的工艺特性,在水力停留时间(HRT)分别为8、6、4 h条件下,研究分析了系统内总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、NO-3-N、SO2-4及pH的变化情况.结果表明,3DBER-S-Fe系统具有较好的脱氮除磷及PAEs去除效果.当水力停留时间为8、6、4 h时,TN去除率分别为80.99%、78.85%、64.76%;TP去除率分别为65.18%、67.17%、43.44%;DBP去除率分别为96.72%、97.32%、96.53%;DEHP去除率分别为91.89%、81.57%、74.30%.在3DBER-S-Fe系统内,存在异养、氢自养、硫自养反硝化脱氮过程,当HRT由8h缩短到4h时,单质硫可以弥补进水NO-3-N负荷增加所导致的反硝化电子供体相对不足问题,维持系统高效的脱氮效率;系统中海绵铁填料腐蚀产生的铁离子能够高效持续沉淀除磷;3DBER-S-Fe工艺结合了物理吸附、生物降解及电化学作用,使其在不同HRT条件下具有较高的DBP与DEHP去除率.     

间歇曝气对垂直潜流人工湿地脱氮效果的影响

采用单级垂直潜流湿地处理城镇污水厂沉砂池出水,通过提高湿地出水水位控制淹没水深作为缺氧区;并在湿地反应柱下部安装穿孔曝气管,从而在湿地上部创造好氧环境.通过优化间歇曝气的曝气时间与间歇时间比例(间歇曝气比例)以及间歇曝气周期两个参数来提高湿地脱氮效率.结果表明,随着间歇曝气比例增大,湿地对COD和NH~+_4-N的去除率逐渐升高,而TN去除率有先升高后下降的趋势,当曝气比例为3∶1时,缺氧段污水碳氮比(C/N)值达到4.8,TN去除率达到最高为62.1%,较连续曝气提高了12.7%,出水质量浓度为15.8 mg·L~(-1).随着间歇曝气周期的延长,出水DO质量浓度逐渐降低,COD和NH~+_4-N去除率也逐渐降低,TN去除率在周期为6 h时达到最大为65.5%,当曝气周期超过湿地缺氧段水力停留时间时,TN去除率迅速下降.