采煤驱动下复杂井田含水层化学特征与水力联系辨识

通过分析复杂井田不同含水层的常规元素、微量元素、氘氧同位素与氚同位素的水化学特征来判断各含水层的水力联系,并分别建立了Piper识别图版、Durov识别图版、氘氧同位素识别图版,借此可以快速甄别矿井突水的来源.结果表明:研究区地下水主要为大气降水补给,第四系含水层与直罗组含水层存在显著联系,直罗组含水层与延安组存在有限的联系.利用各含水层不同岩性导致的水化学离子特征差异和氘氧同位素、氚同位素的示踪特性建立识别图版,可有助于快速识别补连塔矿区突水水源,并对不同含水层的突水事故提出针对性的解决措施.     

光激发下硝酸纤维素膜降解对乙酰氨基酚的光解影响

硝酸纤维素膜(NCM)作为一种新型环保材料,在光激发下可产生强氧化性的羟基自由基,促进污染物降解. 为研究NCM对对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)的光解效果及影响因素,采用模拟太阳光源,考察了3种反应体系、光谱区间、APAP浓度、光照强度、温度、溶液pH以及水体成分等因素对光解效果的影响. 结果表明:APAP在纯水中几乎不发生光解,而在NCM体系中其光解速率常数为2.85×10?3 min?1;模拟太阳光源的UVA、UVB和可见光(Vis)波段均能促进APAP的光解,其中UVA波段对APAP光解的贡献最大. APAP的光解速率与其浓度呈负相关,低浓度APAP的光解效果更好. 在一定范围内,APAP光解速率与光照强度呈正相关,且随反应温度的增加而增大. 弱碱性环境更有利于APAP的光解,当pH=8.0时,APAP降解率为73.72%,降解效果最佳. 水体中NO₃?、Cl?、SO₄2?、CO₃2?、Mg2+、Ca2+和可溶性有机质(DOM)浓度的增加可以促进NCM对APAP的光解. 研究显示,光激发下利用NCM降解APAP反应迅速且效果显著,可为APAP的去除提供一种新方法.      

强化EGSB-好氧组合工艺处理马铃薯淀粉废水研究

马铃薯淀粉废水具有处理难度大、有机污染物浓度高等特点,属于高难度有机废水。为了有效的解决马铃薯淀粉废水造成的环境污染问题,采用强化厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床组合好氧工艺对有机污染物质和氨氮的去除效能进行研究。研究结果表明-强化厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床在最佳运行工况条件下(进水温度为30℃、外回流比为2和水力停留时间24 h),组合工艺出水COD质量浓度和氨氮浓度分别在92.35 mg/L和10.28 mg/L左右,去除率分别在98.85%和86.29%左右,出水水质能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)二级标准,说明该工艺是一种适用于马铃薯淀粉废水的处理技术。     

荧光猝灭法研究洛克沙胂与腐殖酸的相互作用

运用荧光光谱和荧光猝灭滴定方法,研究腐殖酸(HA)与洛克沙胂(ROX)之间的相互作用,考察了HA浓度、pH和温度对ROX与HA之间相互作用强度的影响.结果表明,HA中的4个峰(Ex/Em=300 nm/480 nm、370 nm/480 nm、420 nm/500nm、460 nm/520 nm,分别标记为A、B、C、D)与ROX发生了不同程度的猝灭作用,猝灭程度依次为C>B>A>D.随着HA浓度增加,ROX与峰A所代表官能团结合常数的常用对数值lg K有略微上升,且远大于O2双分子动态猝灭常数的lg K值,表明ROX能与HA中羧基和羰基等官能团发生静态猝灭作用;在pH值5.00~9.00范围内,ROX-HA体系中峰A的lg K在3.55~3.98 L·mol-1之间波动,且在pH=6.00时达到最大值,这可能是由于pH改变了ROX形态以及HA分子中酚羟基和羧基的构象所致;在25.0~55.0℃范围内,随着温度上升,lg K值降低,lg K值介于2.65~3.89 L·mol-1之间,这进一步表明ROX与HA中的类FA荧光峰所代表的官能团发生静态猝灭.瞬态荧光光谱和线性模型拟合分析表明:ROX与HA中峰A、峰B、峰D所代表的官能团均发生单一静态猝灭作用,而与峰C所代表的官能团同时发生静态猝灭和碰撞猝灭作用.     

水力停留时间和搅拌速率对搅拌反应器回收尿液中磷的研究

鸟粪石沉淀法可以在搅拌反应器中回收尿液中的磷,而水力停留时间和搅拌速率对鸟粪石晶体的形成有重要影响.因此,本文在搅拌反应器中通过分批实验研究了水力停留时间(0.5、1.0和2.0 h)和搅拌速率(80、160和320 r·min-1)对尿液中磷的回收率和鸟粪石晶体粒径的影响.结果表明,水力停留时间从0.5 h增至2 h时,磷回收率从88.9%增至95.4%,而鸟粪石晶体平均粒径从124.4μm下降为71.2μm.随搅拌速率从80 r·min-1增至320 r·min-1,磷回收率从88.7%增至93.4%,而鸟粪石晶体平均粒径从37.0μm增至78.9μm.较短的水力停留时间和较高的搅拌速率更有利于大粒径的鸟粪石晶体形成,但对磷回收率影响有限.搅拌速率为160 r·min-1时,鸟粪石回收率最高为78.7%,可以得到纯度很高的鸟粪石晶体,而较高和较低的搅拌速率都不利于提高鸟粪石回收率.     

德国将中止页岩气钻探,因勘探技术或污染地下水

正据美国《华尔街日报》报道,德国计划未来七年中止页岩气钻探,原因是担心页岩气的勘探技术可能会污染地下水.据报道,页岩气的开采需要使用水力压裂技术.这种技术是用掺入水、沙子和化学物质的高压混合物将岩石层压裂,从而释放出天然气.德国政府计划禁止在离地表不到3000m的钻探作业中使用水力压裂技术,并希望在明年初制定一项法令.这一禁令将于2021年被重新评估.     

Mechanism and rate constants for complete series reactions of 19 fluorophenols with atomic H

Fluorine-containing halogenated fluorophenol may have efect as intermediate species involved in the formation of polyfluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans(PFDDs/Fs). The mechanism for the atomic H initiated reactions with complete series of nineteen fluorophenol congeners was studies using the density functional theory. At the MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level, the geometries and frequencies of reactants, transition states, and products were obtained, and the accurate energetic values were acquired at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. The rate constants were evaluated by the canonical variational transition-state theory with the small curvature tunneling contribution over a wide temperature range of 600–1000 K. The study shows that the intramolecular hydrogen-bond in the ortho-substituted FPs as well as the inductive efect of the electron-withdrawing fluorine and steric repulsion of multiple substitutions may ultimately be responsible for the relative strength of the O–H bonds in FPs. The results can be used for further studies on PFDD/Fs formation mechanism.     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

生物膜-活性污泥处理城市污水的中试研究

在节能环保领域中,城市污水的处理多数采用活性污泥法,为了改善出水水质,需要在原工艺基础上改造工艺,采用一种污泥龄短的强化生物膜与活性污泥相结合的新工艺,由于这是一个新的方向,因此需要在改造设计前进行实验研究来观察水处理效果。因此,改系统在去除污水化学需氧量和生化需氧量的同时,能有效地去除氨氮,总氮和总磷,实现节能环保的良好效果。