WASP模型应用于城市区域河网水质模拟研究

WASP7.2是美国国家环保局开发的最新的Windows版水质模拟软件。文章以成都市核心城区为例,应用WASP7.2对城市区域河网水质进行了模拟研究。研究的水质指标包括:BOD和NH3-N,并用2005年成都市成都核心城区河网水质实测值对水质模型模拟结果进行校验。研究结果表明:边界断面BOD、NH3-N模拟的平均相对误差分别为1.084%、0.947%;中间断面BOD、NH3-N模拟的平均相对误差分别为0.315%、3.0%。WASP7.2应用于在城市区域河网水质模拟能够取得满意的结果。     

空气质量模式发展与应用现状

模式模拟,具有空间和时间分布的连续性特征,有多种化学过程和输送模拟的试验方案可选择等优势,在研究区域大气空气质量研究领域过程中发挥着重要作用。本文系统地介绍了主要空气质量模式在大气环境科学中的重要作用、主要分类及其发展阶段。详细阐述了ISCST3、多维多箱模型、ADMS—URBAN、CAMx及CMAQ等空气质量模式的框架原理、主要特征及其在空气质量管理和规划中的应用,并指出今后模型的发展方向。     

室内空气质量评价模型探讨

文章按时间顺序介绍了六个评价室内空气质量的数学模型。它们分别是歌舞厅空气质量指标模型、通风条件下室内VOC普适模型、居民住宅甲醛浓度预测模型、办公室甲醛浓度预测模型、通风条件下室内空气品质模型以及多孔建材中VOC扩散系数两尺度模型。针对每一个模型,文章都按照相应的适用条件、建模过程和应用效果进行了综述。目的是总结该领域的最新进展,为当下的检测工作与将来进一步的研究提供参考资料。     

FRP加固震损RC柱建模方法及骨架模型研究

为研究震损RC柱采用FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer,FRP)加固修复后的抗震性能,本文基于OpenSees仿真平台,根据震后RC柱的表观损伤状态提出FRP加固震损RC柱的有限元模型建立方法。对FRP加固震损RC柱进行5120种工况的Pushover分析,采用三折线荷载-位移骨架曲线,研究损伤状态对骨架曲线特征点参数的影响规律,并通过数据回归分析提出FRP加固震损RC柱的骨架曲线计算模型。分析结果表明:损伤会降低FRP加固RC柱的承载力及刚度,且降低程度随损伤指数的增大而增加,两者近似成抛物线关系;在DS-5损伤状态下,相比于FRP加固完好RC柱,FRP加固震损RC柱的屈服承载力P y、峰值承载力P c、弹性刚度K 1、弹塑性刚度K 2及下降段刚度K 3的均值下降17.9%、14.5%、41.8%、43.1%和19.9%;损伤对FRP加固RC柱弹性刚度和弹塑性刚度的降低程度明显高于屈服承载力和峰值承载力;文中提出的FRP加固震损RC柱骨架曲线计算模型具有较高精度。     

系统动力学模型在城市发展规划环评中的应用——以山西省临汾市为例

鉴于作为评价对象的城市社会经济环境复合系统具有多目标、多要素、动态关联等突出的系统动力学特征,选择和应用系统动力学方法开展城市发展规划环评在理论上具有可行性和技术优势.作为典型资源型城市的山西省临汾市正面临转变发展方式和加快环境治理的紧迫要求,本文依托该市转型发展规划环评工作,在全面识别和剖析城市发展要素、现状问题及其成因基础上,以经济发展、产业结构、节能减排和环境改善为重点研究了规划要素间的动态反馈关系,以此构建城市转型发展规划环评SD模型,并对4个规划替代方案进行模拟和评价.结果显示,在环境目标刚性约束下所有替代方案均不能实现人均GDP翻番的较高经济增长目标,其中以较强环境约束为特征的"方案III"具有最好的环境与经济综合效果.据此评价建议临汾市应在确保实现环境改善目标的前提下主动放缓工业增长速度,同时加快以"煤焦铁电"为代表的主导产业结构调整并继续加大节能减排力度,全面提高城市可持续发展能力.     

超临界水氧化技术研究进展

超临界水氧化技术是一种新兴的、高效的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景。该方法具有独特的技术性和经济性。主要介绍超临界氧化技术的研究现状、应用领域,同时指出存在的问题和对策及发展前景分析。     

Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

辽河保护区七星湿地表层水与间隙水中氮的时空分布

将大型人工湿地工程技术应用于支流河口,可以有效减轻干流污染物负荷。研究了辽河流域典型支流河口湿地的营养盐迁移转化特征。利用2012年5—7月的采样监测数据分析辽河保护区七星湿地表层水和间隙水中不同形态氮的时空分布规律。结果表明,氨氮浓度为表层水小于间隙水,而硝氮和亚硝氮浓度为表层水高于间隙水;氨氮、硝氮以及亚硝氮浓度随空间的变化趋势均体现为支流河入口处浓度较高,湿地中部及出口处浓度明显降低。水体氨氮浓度表现出随时间推移呈逐渐下降的趋势,硝氮和亚硝氮浓度呈现波动。七星湿地3个月内的氨氮总去除量为1.99 t。