羧基功能化螯合纤维对In(Ⅲ)的吸附行为及机理研究

以聚丙烯腈纤维为基质,通过化学接枝的方式将羧基引入纤维表面,制备得到含有羧基的螯合纤维,并应用于水溶液中In(Ⅲ)吸附分离.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱和热重分析技术对样品进行表征.间歇吸附试验表明,所制备螯合纤维对In(Ⅲ)的最大吸附容量为37.5 mg/g,整个吸附过程在120 min以内达到基本平衡,吸附过程复合准二级动力学模型.竞争性吸附试验表明,在含有In(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)的混合溶液中,吸附材料对In(Ⅲ)显示出一定的亲和能力.研究依靠路易斯酸碱理论在纤维表面构建了能用于In(Ⅲ)捕捉的吸附位点,为In(Ⅲ)的吸附分离提供了新的思路或方法.     

Cu2+对栅藻和鱼腥藻增殖的影响

通过藻类增长潜力(AGP)实验,研究了铜离子浓度对2种淡水浮游藻类增殖的影响.结果显示,当Cu2 质量浓度为0.001～0.100 mg·L-1时,能促进斜生栅藻增殖; Cu2 质量浓度为1.000～100.000 mg·L-1时,对斜生栅藻产生不同程度的毒性效应.当Cu2 质量浓度为0.001～0.010 mg·L-1时,会促进鱼腥藻增殖; Cu2 质量浓度为0.100～100.000 mg·L-1时,会对鱼腥藻产生不同程度的毒性效应.当Cu2 浓度为0.001～0.100 mg·L-1时,斜生栅藻和鱼腥藻细胞经过2 d的调整期,从生理上适应了新环境并进入对数增长期; Cu2 浓度达到1.000 mg·L-1时则需经4 d的调整期才能进入对数增长期,到14 d时2种藻细胞的密度仍在增加.对栅藻和鱼腥藻细胞密度的平均比增长率比较显示,斜生栅藻对Cu2 毒性效应的耐受力大于鱼腥藻.结果表明,在淡水水体中,微量的Cu2 有利于浮游藻类增殖,能够增进水体的富营养程度; Cu2 浓度超过1.000 mg·L-1时对浮游藻类的繁殖与生长有抑制或毒害作用; 过量的Cu2 还可能会导致食物链的破坏与水源的污染.因此,在使用硫酸铜杀藻时应注意其用量与使用次数可能会对水体造成的影响.     

重金属离子的生物吸附容量与离子性质之间的关系

利用金属离子毒性评价和预测领域中的QSAR方法,探讨了重金属离子性质对生物吸附容量的影响．选用啤酒工业废弃的酿酒酵母为生物吸附剂,进行了10种金属离子Ag^＋,Cs^＋,Zn^＋,Pb^2＋,Ni^2＋,Cu^2＋,CO^2＋,Sr^2＋,Cd^2＋,Cr^3＋的生物吸附实验．选用22种参数来表征金属离子的物理化学性质,建立了金属的离子特性与生物吸附容量之间的关系．利用Langmuir方程计算得到酵母吸附金属离子的理论最大吸附量qmax,由大到小排序为Pb^2＋〉Ag^＋〉Cr^3＋〉Cu^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Cd^2＋〉Co^2＋〉Sr^2＋〉Ni^2＋〉Cs^＋．离子性质与吸附量之间的线性拟合分析结果表明,共价指数Xm^2r与qmax具有良好的线性关系,共价指数越高,离子吸附量越大,金属离子与吸附剂表面官能团共价结合所占比重越大,键结合越牢固．对金属离子进行分类（按价态或离子的软硬性质）可以改善拟合效果．极化力Z^2／r、水解常数｜lgKOH｜、电离势,尸等多种物化性质与不含软离子的离子之间的理论最大吸附量也表现出良好的线性关系．     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

Determination of alcohol compounds using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry （IMS） is a very fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive technique, it permits efficient monitoring of volatile organic compounds like alcohols. In this article, positive ion mobility spectra for six alcohol organic compounds have been systematically studied for the first time using a high-resolution IMS apparatus equipped with a discharge ionization source. Utilizing protonated water cluster ions （H2O）nH^＋ as the reactant ions and clean air as the drift gas, alcohol organic compounds, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-octanol, all exhibit product ion characteristic peaks in their respective ion mobility spectrometry, that is a result of proton transfer reactions between the alcohols and reaction ions （H2O）nH^＋. The mixture of these alcohols, including two isomers, has been detected, and the results showed that they could be distinguished effectively in the ion mobility spectrum. The reduced mobility values have been determined, which are in very well agreement with the traditional ^63Ni-IMS experimental values. The exponential dilution method was used to calibrate the alcohol concentrations, and a detection limit available for the alcohols is in order of magnitude of a few ng/L.     

Determination of haloacetic acids in hospital e uent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction （SPE） method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a class of disinfection by-products formed from chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples＇ turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L, respectively, and the other three acids are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid was the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对土壤Pb溶出的影响

研究了不同填埋年限（0 a、4～5 a、12 a）的垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物（DOM）对2种污染土壤重金属Pb溶出的影响.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液DOM具有促进土壤Pb溶出的作用.填埋年限不同的垃圾渗滤液DOM对土壤Pb溶出的影响不同,填埋年限短的垃圾渗滤液DOM对土壤Pb溶出率最高.因为填埋年限越长,垃圾渗滤液DOM中高分子组分（相对分子质量>25?000）所占比例越高,而高分子组分相对于低分子组分（相对分子质量<1?000）对土壤Pb溶出能力较弱.红壤中,渗滤液DOM的低分子组分对Pb的平均溶出率高出高分子组分123.8%;潮土中也表现出类似的结果.与无渗滤液DOM的对照相比,垃圾渗滤液DOM的加入明显提高污染土壤Pb的平均溶出率,并且随体系pH的升高,DOM这种促进作用表现得更为明显.     

水溶性有机物对土壤吸附-解吸菲的影响

以Tween-80为对照,有机物料猪粪(pig manure, PM)、绿肥(green manure, GM)和污泥(sewage sludge, SS)为水溶性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)的提取原料,菲(Phe)为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表,采用序批试验研究了不同来源DOM对土壤吸附与解吸Phe的影响.结果表明,供试DOM均能明显降低Phe在土壤上的吸附.在DOM试验浓度范围内（0～300 mg·L^-1）,土壤对Phe的吸附量与DOM浓度之间呈极显著负直线相关关系(r_PM>=-0.988?8,r_SS>=-0.982?6,r_Tween-80>=-0.974?3,r_GM>=-0.990?5).菲的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程定量描述.供试3种DOM抑制土壤吸附Phe和促进土壤吸附Phe的解吸的强弱顺序为:猪粪DOM>污泥DOM>绿肥DOM.本研究结果表明,农业土壤中水溶性有机物能明显活化土壤中的PAHs,增强其在土壤中的移动性.     

京津冀区域气溶胶中无机水溶性离子污染特征分析

在北京、天津、石家庄、承德城区和北京上甸子区域本底站共设置5个采样点,2009～2010年分季节采集环境PM<,2.5>,并分析其中的无机水溶性离子,进而研究京津冀区域气溶胶中离子组分的污染特征.研究表明,京津冀PM<,2.5>污染较重,北京、天津和石家庄年均浓度均超过了100 μg/m<'3>;5个站点二次离子(SO...     

离子液体在纤维素化学中的应用研究新进展

纤维素是自然界中储量最大的天然高分子,具有可再生、可完全生物降解、生物相容性好等诸多优点,被认为是未来能源、化工的主要原料。由于聚集态结构的特点,天然纤维素不熔融、难溶解,使其应用受到极大限制。近年来,人们发现一定结构的离子液体可以高效地溶解纤维素,这为纤维素的加工与功能化提供了一个崭新和多用途的平台。以离子液体为介质,通过溶解再生和均相衍生化反应可以制得一系列纤维素基高分子材料;通过催化分解等方法,可以得到不同类型的生物质能源以及平台化合物等,从而极大地拓展了纤维素资源的应用领域,促进了纤维素科学的发展。本文收集整理了近十年间发表在国内外期刊上的相关文献,综述了关于离子液体在纤维素化学中应用研究的最新进展。