基于栅格数据的耕地测土配方施肥技术研究

论文以山东广饶县为例,进行了基于栅格数据的耕地测土配方施肥技术研究。利用GIS技术对研究区域养分采集样点进行插值,得到县域氮、磷、钾养分含量分布图,然后对县域目标产量区划图、土壤养分校正系数分布图、县域氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分布图进行栅格化处理,图件栅格大小为50m×50m,数量为1145×1684个。研究区域耕地面积为61609.51hm²,每个栅格代表的面积是0.032hm²。最后在GIS中对栅格图件进行计算,得到每个栅格的施肥量,进而得到施肥配方。结果表明,栅格数据具有较高的表达精度,研究结果对耕地利用和施肥工作有积极的指导作用。     

衡阳市主要农作物及耕作土重金属污染现状研究

通过对衡阳市主要农作物及产地土壤进行采样,分析其中的As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn含量,并进行系统综合评价,结果表明：耕作土属尚清洁,总体质量较好;主要农作物受重金属污染较严重,只有48.4%属安全、优良级别;6种重金属污染物以As、Cd分担率较高;针对污染状况提出了相应的对策。     

长期施用氮肥对水稻土亚硝酸还原酶基因多样性的影响

以中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期定位试验的土壤样品为对象,采用PCR扩增、克隆测序等分子生物学技术,研究长期施氮肥对水稻土亚硝酸还原酶基因nirK、nirS多样性的影响.序列分析结果表明,从水稻土中克隆的系列nirK基因片段与NCBI数据库中未知菌种的nirK基因相似性较高,平均达90.7%;而nirS基因片段与数据库中已知的nirS基因相似度低,平均74.7%.通过Chao1估计值预测,nirK基因在不施肥处理(CK)、施氮肥处理(N)中分别有58±13和49±9个不同的OTUs,而nirS基因在CK处理、N处理中分别有49±10和132±43个不同的OTUs.Chao1预测曲线95%置信区间(95%CIs)显示,氮肥施用显著提高了nirS基因的多样性,而对nirK基因多样性则无显著影响.LIBSHUFF分析比较N、CK处理克隆文库间的差异,结果显示nirK基因处理间群落结构差异p0.022,达到显著水平;而nirS基因处理间的群落结构无显著差异.系统发育分析显示,nirK、nirS基因的系统发育树分别可分为3个及4个大簇.施用氮肥导致nirK、nirS克隆有不同程度的聚集,说明氮肥改变了nirK和nirS基因群落结构,其中氮肥对nirK基因群落结构的影响更大.总体来说,氮肥的施用对水稻土nirK基因群落多样性无显著影响,但明显提高nirS基因群落的多样性;而长期施氮肥使含nirK基因的反硝化菌群落结构发生显著变化,对nirS基因群落结构则无显著影响.     

蒙脱土/聚丙烯酰胺杂化絮凝剂制备及絮凝性能研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)与钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT)的阳离子交换反应制得有机化蒙脱土(O-MMT),通过硝酸铈铵引发丙烯酰胺单体在有机化蒙脱土片层间原位插层聚合制得蒙脱土/聚丙烯酰胺(MMT/PAM)杂化物. 同时,研究了引发剂用量、聚合反应时间和蒙脱土含量对杂化物特性粘数的影响,并用XRD、FTIR、TEM对Na-MMT、O-MMT和MMT/PAM杂化物进行结构表征. 最后实验对比了MMT/PAM杂化物与PAM对三氧化二铬悬浮液的絮凝效果. XRD、TEM结果显示,纳米尺寸大小的蒙脱土均匀地分散在PAM基体中. 絮凝实验结果显示,添加质量分数0.5％~5.0％MMT的MMT/PAM杂化物的絮凝效果优于纯PAM.     

Effect of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction on arsenic mobility in paddy soil

The potential of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction, and associated arsenic (As) mobility were examined by iron reducing bacteria enriched from As contaminated paddy soil. To our knowledge, this is the first time to report the impact of microbial iron plaque reduction on As mobility. Iron reduction occurred during the inoculation of iron reducing enrichment culture in the treatments with iron plaque and ferrihydrite as the electron acceptors, respectively. The Fe(II) concentration with the treatment of anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) and iron reducing bacteria increased much faster than the control. Arsenic released from iron plaque with the iron reduction, and a significant correlation between Fe(II) and total As in culture was observed. However, compared with control, the increasing rate of As was inhibited by iron reducing bacteria especially in the presence of AQDS. In addition, the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) in abiotic treatments were higher than those in the biotic treatments at day 30. These results indicated that both microbial and chemical reductions of iron plaque caused As release from iron plaque to aqueous phase, however, microbial iron reduction induced the formation of more crystalline iron minerals, leading to As sequestration. In addition, the presence of AQDS in solution can accelerate the iron reduction, the As release from iron plaque and subsequently the As retention in the crystalline iron mineral. Thus, our results suggested that it is possible to remediate As contaminated soils by utilizing iron reducing bacteria and AQDS.     

Infiltration characteristics of non-aqueous phase liquids in undisturbed loessal soil cores

The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head (3 cm) of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.     

建筑荷载下桩-土作用机理与数值模拟

桩-土间相互作用机理的研究是保证桩基础在建筑荷载下安全稳定的关键。本文在分析建筑荷载下桩-土间相互作用机理的基础上,利用有限元分析软件对桩在建筑荷载作用下桩-土之间相互作用方式进行了有限元数值模拟研究,采用弹簧单元以及表面效应单元模拟土层对桩的作用力,建立了完整的桩-土作用模型,并得到了在建筑荷载和土层作用力下桩的位移量及其轴向应力分布。该研究可为建筑基础设计提供理论依据。     

高透水地层复合土钉墙的应用

在透水性高的砂性土条件下,将止水帷幕水泥土搅拌桩与土钉相结合,形成复合土钉墙支护结构,是解决高透水地层基坑支护的有效方式.针对某具体工程实例,介绍了高透水地层采用复合土钉墙结构进行基坑支护的设计方案,并对基坑变形进行了监测.结果表明:采用复合土钉墙支护可满足基坑开挖对支护结构稳定及周边环境保护的要求,同时复合土钉墙结构受力合理、安全度高、施工简单方便、工期短、造价低,具有较好的经济和社会效益,可在类似工程中推广应用.     

用偏高岭石、铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰生产土聚水泥试验

以偏高岭石和固体废物铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰为基料,以氢氧化钠、水玻璃等作为激发剂,在室温条件下制备土聚水泥。通过正交试验,研究不同基料配比、激发剂、外加剂的不同加入量等因素对试条抗压强度的影响,并确定最优配方;同时通过SEM观察了土聚水泥的形貌并研究了土壤聚合的反应机理。结果表明:其最佳配方中铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰的质量比之和接近60%,7天抗压强度比标号为P.O42.5的水泥高5%;该土聚水泥呈层状结构,缝隙较小,结构紧密。