Effect of water regimes and organic matters on transport of arsenic in summer rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant systems is a major concern of where, the groundwater is being contaminated with arsenic (above 0.01 mg/L) in the Indian subcontinent. The study was conducted with organic matter to find out the reducing e ect on arsenic load to rice (cv. Khitish). It was observed that intermittent ponding reduced arsenic uptake (23.33% in root, 13.84% in shoot and 19.84% in leaf) at panicle initiation stage, instead of continuous ponding. A decreasing trend of arsenic accumulation (root > straw > husk > whole grain > milled grain) was observed in di erent plant parts at harvest. Combined applications of lathyrus + vermicompost + poultry manure reduced arsenic transport in plant parts (root, straw, husk, whole grains and milled grain) which was significantly at par (p > 0.05) with chopped rice straw (5 tons/ha ) + lathyrus green manuring (5 tons/ha) in comparison to control and corresponding soils. A significant negative correlation of arsenic with phosphorus (grain P with arsenic in di erent parts R2= 0.627–0.726 at p > 0.01) was observed. Similarly, soil arsenic had a negative correlation with soil available phosphorus (R2 = 0.822 at p > 0.001) followed by soil nitrogen (R2= 0.762 at p > 0.01) and soil potassium (R2 = 0.626 at p > 0.01). Hence, e ective management of contaminated irrigation water along with organic matter could reduce the arsenic build up to plants and soil.     

酸性矿山废水污灌区水稻土重金属的形态分布及生物有效性

通过野外采样调查和实验分析,对粤北大宝山矿山下游酸性矿山废水污灌区水稻土中重金属（Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu）的形态分布特征和生物有效性进行了研究.运用TCLP（toxicity characteristic leaching procedure）和BCR（community bureau of reference）连续提取法研究了土壤中重金属的生物有效性问题,并运用多元逐步线性回归分析进行对比.结果表明,酸性矿山废水污灌区水稻土中Cd以酸提取态和残渣态为主;Cu各形态含量的分配顺序为：残渣态>可还原态>酸提取态>可氧化态,以残渣态为主;Pb以可还原态和残渣态为主,占总量的86.54%;Zn主要以残渣态的形式存在、占总量的50%以上,各形态含量的分配顺序为：残渣态>酸提取态>可还原态>可氧化态.TCLP提取的重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量分别为：0.17～0.89、 8.12～70.33、 3.16～90.33和10.24～106.85 mg·kg^-1,其平均值分别为0.41、 36.60、 15.97和50.78 mg·kg^-1.水稻籽粒中重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量范围分别为：0.183～0.947、 3.542～5.997、 0.285～1.532和17.54～41.10 mg·kg^-1.参照卫生部颁布的食品中重金属元素限量卫生标准评价水稻籽粒重金属污染情况,其结果表明,Cu和Zn含量未出现超标现象,而Cd和Pb含量超标现象很严重,其超标率分别为87.50%和81.25%.逐步回归分析结果表明,水稻籽粒中的Cd和Zn含量显著地受到土壤中酸提取态Cd和Zn含量的影响,Cu含量显著地受到酸提取态和可氧化态Cu含量的影响,Pb含量显著地受到可还原态Pb和有机质含量的影响.水稻籽粒中重金属含量受到TCLP提取重金属含量的显著影响,重金属总量、pH和有机质对其的影响不显著.TCLP法适于对酸性矿山废水污灌区水稻土重金属生物有效性进行快速简单地评估.     

白酒糟防除水田杂草试验初探

采用田间试验的方法,研究了白酒糟防除水田杂草的效果。结果表明:白酒糟对稗草、扁杆藨草、狼把草、蒲草均有不同程度的防效,水稻产量、经济效益均比对照(人工除草)高。     

Cd uptake in rice cultivars treated with organic acids and EDTA

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and protein, and Cd uptake in different rice cultivars exposed to Cd (0, 1 and 5 mg/kg) in the presence of organic acids and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results showed the increase in activity of dismutase (SOD), contents of proline and protein but a decline in activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and MDA content for cultivars Xiushui63 and IIyou527. The...     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.     

Effect of external and internal phosphate status on arsenic toxicity and accumulation in rice seedlings

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is thought to exacerbate the arsenic (As) phytotoxicity in paddy rice. The experiments were conducted to investigate the e ects of external phosphate supply on As accumulation in rice and its toxicity under phosphate deficiency conditions. Rice seedlings pretreated with a phosphorus deficient nutrient solution (–P) for 14 d accumulated more As than those pretreated with a normal phosphorus supply nutrient solution (+P). Rice protreated with –P showed As toxicity symptoms after being exposed to 50 mol/L arsenate for 4 h, while +P rice did not show any toxicity symptoms. Arsenic toxicity symptoms can be alleviated by increasing external P concentrations. The arsenate uptake rate and accumulation corresponded with the As toxicity in rice plants. Arsenic concentrations in rice roots decreased with increasing external phosphate concentrations. The lowest As accumulation and the highest P accumulation were found when the external P concentration reached 100 mol/L. In short, P deficiency increased the sensitivity of rice to arsenate and increasing of external phosphate supply could alleviate As toxicity.     

丛枝菌根真菌对汞胁迫下水稻叶片生理和光合特性的影响

为了研究AM（arbuscular mycorrhizal,丛枝菌根）真菌在Hg胁迫下对农作物生长的影响,通过温室盆栽试验,分析不同Hg投加量（0、0.1、1.0和2.0 mg/kg）下,接种AM真菌对水稻植株生物量、株高、叶片叶绿素相对含量、膜质过氧化程度、抗氧化酶系活性、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂、水分利用效率、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的影响.结果表明:①在不同Hg投加量下,AM真菌均能促进水稻植株生长.②AM真菌接种能提高水稻叶片叶绿素相对含量,增加水稻叶片光合速率.③接种AM真菌后,水稻叶片MDA（malondialdehyde）含量降低,水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）活性均升高.综合显著性分析结果来看,当Hg投加量为0.1 mg/kg时,接种AM真菌后水稻整体长势良好,多项生理指标偏高,说明AM真菌在较低Hg投加量下能促进水稻生长,提高水稻对汞的抗性.研究显示,AM真菌能通过促进水稻光合色素分泌来提高水稻光合作用,同时能提高水稻抗氧化酶活性,维持细胞稳态,缓解汞的毒害作用.总之,AM真菌能增强水稻对汞污染的适应能力,促进植株生长发育,降低汞对水稻造成的毒害及损伤,增强抗逆性,且该作用在较低Hg投加量下表现更加明显.      

外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

本文研究了添加外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明:添加外源褪黑素能促进As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子的萌发,提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率,促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素能使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加50μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%,CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%,SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%,丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻的根系活力,当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,50、100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。这说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As~(3+)胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害,有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏,显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

水稻对5种重金属累积特征及食用安全研究

为探究土壤中重金属污染对水稻食用安全性的影响,以上海市青浦区现代农业园区水稻和染毒土壤为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)和汞(Hg)5种土壤重金属在不同含量梯度下水稻生物量变化以及水稻籽粒部分累积特征,并基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)和靶标危害指数法(target hazard quotient,THQ)分析了土壤中5种重金属的安全阈值.研究结果表明,Cd、Hg和Cr对水稻地上部分生物量影响表现为"低促高抑"规律,Ni对水稻生物量影响不明显,随着Pb浓度升高,水稻生物量逐渐下降;水稻籽粒对5种重金属富集能力排序为Ni＞Cr＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,水稻植株部分对5种重金属的富集量大于籽粒部分,富集趋势与籽粒部分相一致,植株部分含量约为籽粒部分的2倍～8倍,水稻籽粒中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr和Hg含量与土壤中对应重金属含量呈显著正相关线性关系(P＜0.01);依据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)中谷物食用安全限量值以及靶标危害指数法,推导出污染区域土壤中各重金属安全阈值为:Cd 0.51 mg·kg-1、Pb 330.33 mg·kg-1、Ni 131.00 mg·kg-1、Cr 231.67 mg·kg-1、Hg 0.93 mg·kg-1.