富营养化水体中黑水团的吸收及反射特性分析

对黑水团水体光学特性进行研究,是利用遥感技术监测和评估黑水团事件的前提.针对2015年7月在太湖发生的黑水团现象,采集了太湖黑水团区(区域一)、蓝藻水华区(区域二)、清水区(区域三)共36个水样,对这3个区域的水体遥感反射率以及吸收特性进行对比分析.结果表明:1区域一水体的总颗粒物、色素颗粒物和非色素颗粒物吸收系数比区域二、区域三高出1~2倍,在400~500 nm之间,区域一CDOM吸收系数相比另外两个区域的水体高出2倍左右.导致黑水团区域水体具有很低的遥感反射率,被人眼感知时呈现为黑色;2黑水团区域水体M值低于滇池、巢湖和太湖的M值变化范围,说明黑水团中CDOM的腐殖酸含量较高.此外,叶绿素a浓度与CDOM在350 nm处吸收系数之间具有很好的相关性,表明蓝藻的降解可能是黑水团中CDOM的一个主要来源;3在380 nm之后,黑水团区域的水体总吸收以色素颗粒物占主导,但在短波350~380 nm处,CDOM对总吸收的贡献率高于色素颗粒物和非色素颗粒物.     

市政污泥深度脱水滤液水质特性研究

以武汉市五座污水处理厂剩余污泥经Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三种污泥调理方法调理及脱水的污泥深度脱水滤液为研究对象,分析测定了水样的常规水质指标。结果表明,配方Ⅰ所得脱水滤液pH为12.8左右,呈强碱性,配方Ⅱ、Ⅲ所得脱水滤液pH=3.0~6.2,呈酸性。污泥深度脱水滤液的水质随脱水污泥的来源、污泥调理方法不同而异,稳定、氧化程度高的污泥其深度脱水滤液水质较好。经调理后的深度脱水滤液ρ(COD)为180~1200 mg/L,为中低浓度有机废水;BOD5/COD=0.49~0.66,可生化性良好;氨氮浓度为20~200 mg/L,差异较大,但普遍较高,C/N在2.2~13.4,属低C/N比废水;TP在0.4~5.5 mg/L,C∶N∶P对微生物生长来说并不协调。污泥调理剂中的破胞试剂对污泥脱水滤液水质影响较大,配方Ⅱ、Ⅲ调理剂中含破胞试剂,调理后的污泥深度脱水滤液COD和氨氮值较大。最后,建议对氨氮负荷过高而不适合回流的深度脱水滤液采用高效的生物脱氮工艺进行处理。     

油田回注水质稳定处理及测试

油田回注水质存在不稳定情况,影响注水效果。通过分析水质pH、溶解氧、二价还原性离子及细菌等因素,明确了导致水质不稳定的原因。通过控制水质不稳定因素的方式促进水质稳定,确保其达到回注要求。以两个具体实例说明针对水质自身的特点采取相应的措施,可促进水质稳定。针对1#水样低pH、高浓度二价铁的特点,筛选并投加50 mg/L pH调节剂ZYJ-1以及20 mg/L预氧化剂,促进了回注水质的稳定。针对2#水样高含硫、高含细菌、腐蚀严重的问题,投加100 mg/L杀菌剂ZYC-4,40 mg/L氧化除硫剂,处理后水质腐蚀速率从1.0226 mm/a下降到0.0461 mm/a,达到回注要求。     

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.     

Genotoxicity removal of reclaimed water during ozonation

Genotoxicity in wastewater and reclaimed water now is gaining increased attention because of genotoxins' potential damage to the ecosystem and human health. The effect of ozonation on genotoxicity in reclaimed water was investigated. It was found that ozonation decreased the genotoxicy dramatically in three tertiary treatment plants. In the further batch ozonation experiment in laboratory,secondary effluent sample used exhibited the genotoxicity of(41.1 ± 4.1) μg 4NQO/L. Ozonation with a dose of 10 mg O3/L completely removed the genotoxicity in secondary effluent. However,after ozonation, the dissolved organic carbonvalue of the sample didn't change much but the specific ultraviolet absorbance(SUVA) value dropped sharply. With the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ozonation was found to change chemical aliphatic carbon and C–O of the dissolved arganic matter, which might be the reason of the significant decreases of SUVA and genotoxicity.     

Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.     

Acute and chronic toxic effects of Pb2+ on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis：Morphological changes and responses of the antioxidant system

Perinereis aibuhitensis was used to assess adverse biological effects caused by acute and chronic Pb2＋exposure in artificial seawater under controlled laboratory conditions. In 96-hr acute toxicity experiments,the morphological changes showed a positive time/dose-dependent tendency,and the 96-hr LC50 value of Pb2＋was 686.41 mg/L. The responses of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in tissues including catalase（CAT）,peroxidase（POD）,superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX）,malondialdehyde（MDA） and the content of total soluble protein（TSP）,were investigated on days 1,4,7 and 10 after Pb2＋exposure under chronic toxicity testing. Results showed that the activation of the antioxidant system in P. aibuhitensis depended on the Pb2＋concentration and the duration of exposure time.Specifically,POD and SOD activities were induced on the first day of the exposure and decreased to the control level on day 10 after exposure. Therefore,these two indexes could be used to indicate oxidative stress associated with P. aibuhitensis exposure to Pb2＋.     

水龙头直饮有多难？

首先,水源水质要好。经过三十多年的发展,我国成为世界第二大经济体。当然,水源水质变化也很大,我认为,既然我们享受了21世纪的物质文明,同样的,也要忍受发展带来的污染。但是治理污染需要时间,在我国水源水质污染较重的严峻形势下,需要整个环保系统、政府以及各界人士的共同关心和努力,有可能经过三十年到五十年,我们的水环境会得到很大提升。     

一种基于电化学检测的新型水质综合评价方法

文章建立了一种准确、有效、适用于远程监控的新型水质综合指数(WQCI)评价方法。该方法是基于可采用电化学传感器测量的水质五参数指标:温度(T)、溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、电导率(K)、酸碱度(p H),结合数学统计K-star模型以《地表水环境质量标准》(GB-3838-2002)为参照标准,通过K-star模型的分类和运算得出未知水体水质类别。同时还对此水质综合指数(WQCI)评价方法进行了一系列的优化实验,并将检测结果与环保局发布数据做了比较分析,发现结果基本一致。与其它的水质综合评价方法相比,该方法能够实现检测参数所用仪器的一体化,便于现场和远程自动监控分析。若与网络技术结合起来,则可实现水质实时、在线监测。     

石溪水库水环境容量研究

分析了江西宜春石溪水库的水环境状况,运用沃伦威德尔模型和狄龙模型等水库水环境容量计算方法,对石溪水库COD Mn、NH 3-N、TN、TP的水环境容量进行了计算。结果表明:石溪水库2012年水质为Ⅳ类,营养状态为中营养,入库的污染物量超出其自净能力。将水环境容量按照Ⅲ类和Ⅱ类水标准分为近期目标和远期目标,按近期目标CODM n、NH 3-N、TN、TP的超标率分别为7.6%、86.1%、121.1%、40.7%。在此基础上,分析了石溪水库水污染原因,提出了水污染控制方案。