Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

FBC-DPF在柴油机颗粒物控制中的应用研究

目前针对加装FBC-DPF(燃油添加剂-柴油机颗粒捕集器)后的柴油机放特性研究较少,并且缺乏FBC-DPF对颗粒物中PAHs排放量的影响效果研究.为全面评估加装FBC-DPF后柴油机颗粒物排放特性和FBC-DPF对柴油机尾气中的颗粒物排放污染控制效果,在发动机台架上对装有FBC-DPF的重型柴油机进行了颗粒物排放特性试验.利用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)测量加装FBC-DPF前、后柴油机颗粒物的数浓度与粒径分布,用玻璃纤维滤膜采集加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs,利用色谱质谱联用仪对加装FBC-DPF前、后尾气中的固相PAHs进行定量分析.结果表明:①加装FBC-DPF后柴油机排放的颗粒物数浓度大幅降低,FBC-DPF对尾气中颗粒物的捕集效率平均值在95%左右;②加装FBC-DPF后柴油机固相PAHs总比排放量有所降低,在大负荷区域降幅在25.0%～88.0%之间;③加装FBC-DPF前的颗粒物中位直径为30～89 nm,而加装FBC-DPF后的颗粒物中位直径为41～98 nm,平均增幅为38.2%.对于国Ⅳ及未来国Ⅴ柴油机排放法规,FBC-DPF是解决柴油机颗粒物排放的有效手段;此外,FBC-DPF可以大幅降低柴油机尾气中的有毒成分,并且能够适应高含硫量的燃油环境.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

辽河保护区七星湿地表层水与间隙水中氮的时空分布

将大型人工湿地工程技术应用于支流河口,可以有效减轻干流污染物负荷。研究了辽河流域典型支流河口湿地的营养盐迁移转化特征。利用2012年5—7月的采样监测数据分析辽河保护区七星湿地表层水和间隙水中不同形态氮的时空分布规律。结果表明,氨氮浓度为表层水小于间隙水,而硝氮和亚硝氮浓度为表层水高于间隙水;氨氮、硝氮以及亚硝氮浓度随空间的变化趋势均体现为支流河入口处浓度较高,湿地中部及出口处浓度明显降低。水体氨氮浓度表现出随时间推移呈逐渐下降的趋势,硝氮和亚硝氮浓度呈现波动。七星湿地3个月内的氨氮总去除量为1.99 t。     

辽河流域有毒有害物的水环境污染及来源分析

有毒有害物包括无机污染物和有机污染物,这些污染物将会对人类健康造成短期或长期的危害,同时对水环境造成严重污染。介绍了水体中污染物的种类,详述了辽河流域受到的多环芳烃类、有机氯农药、多氯联苯及其他有毒有害物的污染情况。通过典型有毒有害物来源的初步分析,进一步明确了辽河流域具有工业源、城镇市政污水排放及农业面源混合型污染特征。为了进一步制定有效的有毒有害物污染防治决策,依据辽河流域有毒有害物的污染和研究现状,提出了目前存在的问题及进一步的研究建议。     

盐酸小檗碱纳米乳的抑藻性能研究

选用处方为表面活性剂吐温-80、助表面活性剂甘油、油相大豆油及水,制备盐酸小檗碱纳米乳,并在对该纳米乳质量评价的基础上研究其对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应。结果表明:在四相质量比为36∶9∶5∶10情况下制备出的水包油型盐酸小檗碱纳米乳澄清透明,分散均匀,平均粒径约为(14.2±3.8)nm,载药量为3 980 mg/L。该纳米乳能大幅提高盐酸小檗碱的抑藻性能,2 mg/L盐酸小檗碱纳米乳抑藻性能与8 mg/L未纳米化盐酸小檗碱抑藻性能相当,同时结果表明盐酸小檗碱纳米乳对无毒微囊藻的抑制效应强于有毒微囊藻。该研究将纳米药物技术应用于有害藻类的防控并取得较好效果,为纳米药物技术在水产养殖业应用提供科学参考。     

UASB处理酒精废水耐冲击特性与颗粒污泥分析

针对UASB耐冲击能力低的问题,采用短暂冲击负荷的方法进行52 d中试研究,并考察接种絮状污泥的UASB对以污冷凝水为主要成分的酒精废水的处理效果,结果表明,UASB呈现较强耐冲击负荷能力;第49天产气速率最高,可达3.03 L/(L·d),反应器内形成了粒径0.5~1.5 mm的颗粒,电镜扫描的颗粒污泥结构致密,由多个杆状细菌形成网状结构。在夏季无保温措施、负荷冲击条件下培养颗粒污泥是可行的。     

蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂制备研究进展

分子筛催化剂已经广泛应用于化学工业、石油工业及环境污染处理等领域,其蜂窝状构型在选择性还原NOx方面具有广阔的应用前景。文章介绍了蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂制备的2种方式:固载化和自成型。对固载化法进行分类介绍,对不同固载方法制备的整体式催化剂的分子筛负载量进行对比,综述了载体种类、预处理方法和粘合剂的选择对固载化法制备整体式催化剂的影响,说明了固载化催化剂在应用上的优势及不足;阐述了自成型法制备蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂的优势,详细叙述了粘合剂的选择和用量、水含量、分子筛粒径分布、挤出成型过程和干燥过程对自成型蜂窝状整体式分子筛催化剂的物理化学性质和催化性能的影响,为整体式蜂窝状分子筛催化剂的开发提供了借鉴。     

神奇的“水燃料”

你想象过以后开车,只需要加水就能跑吗？水是地球上最为丰富的化合物,一直以来,人类从未停止过探索水燃料的脚步。今天要介绍的,就是那些从水中提取能源的神奇科技。     

化工废水的超临界水氧化研究

在超临界条件下,管式反应器中超临界水的各种参数是很难获得的。本文在管式反应器中,以空气作为氧化剂,以实际化工废水作为研究对象,开发设计了一套大型中试超临界水氧化(SCWO)系统,并将所有的反应过程都控制在623.2~793.2K和24MPa的条件下,对此套连续化SCWO中试设备对实际化工废水的处理效果进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:随着反应温度和停留时间的增加,COD的去除率明显升高;通过比较进、出水组分的GC-MS图谱可以看出,原水中存在15种主要难降解有机污染物,包括杂环化合物和多环胺类等,但在出水中仅发现一种有机污染物存在,且其浓度也仅仅约为初始浓度的10%。此外,还对整个SCWO系统的能量衡算进行了分析并得到了能量自平衡的曲面图,结果显示当化工废水的COD浓度在183~437g/L且流速控制在20.83~104.17kg/h的条件下,整个系统即能达到自平衡状态。