基于DEA-Malmquist的我国城市物质代谢效率评价

运用数据包络分析与麦氏指数(DEA-Malmquist),从"技术效率"、"技术变动效率"和"全要素生产率"三个方面,对我国34个城市从2005年到2007年的物质代谢效率进行实证分析,结果表明:物质代谢效率的总体水平不高,被评估的34个城市中有19个城市在评价期间是无效率的,主要分布在西部地区;并且整体而言,"全要素生产率"和"技术变动效率"要优于"技术效率";结果还表明:34个城市物质代谢的"技术效率"普遍处于中等水平,没有呈现出明显的空间分布差异,但是"技术变动效率"则在长三角地区的城市中体现出较为明显的优势,最后,提出了针对性的建议。     

我们能够成就什么? 2008—2009英特尔中国企业社会责任报告(环境部分)

<正>联合国千年发展目标等框架为英特尔全球企业社会责任战略提供了借鉴与指导。在中国,英特尔重点关注三个领域:教育、环境、社区。我们相信,英特尔技术能够在改善教育方面发挥巨大作用;我们还能够将信息通信技术与我们在环境管理方面     

添加剂和湿法除尘主要参数对炭黑去除效率的影响

选取十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)4种表面活性剂配制成吸收液,采用伞形罩洗涤器对燃煤窑炉黑烟进行湿法除尘净化实验,探讨添加剂种类、入口含尘浓度(Cin)、入口风速(u)和液气比(L/G)参数的不同对炭黑(BC)去除效率(η)的影响,结合压降(ΔP,Pa)的变化提出高效脱黑的可行方案.结果表明,在实验条件同为Cin=2g·m-3、u=12m·s-1和L/G=0.2L·m-3条件下,4种吸收液脱黑效果差别不大,AEO-9吸收液具有略明显的优势,炭黑去除效率可达到99.5%(0.06mmol·L-1,AEO-9);在u=12m·s-1和L/G=0.2L·m-3条件下,Cin=5g·m-3时更利于洗涤器对黑烟的净化,AEO-9吸收液的炭黑去除效率近乎100%,ΔP变化不大;入口风速的变化对炭黑去除效率和压降的影响比较明显,当Cin和L/G分别为2g·m-3、0.2L·m-3时,最佳入口风速为12～14m·s-1,炭黑去除效率保持在99%以上;最佳操作液气比可控制在0.2～0.4L·m-3.     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

日本污水处理设施建设运营资金机制的启示

日本的生活污水处理设施建设经过近50年的长期持续性投入,形成了覆盖城市乃至农村地区的较为完善的处理体系。本文针对日本污水处理设施建设资金机制进行了梳理与分析,并结合日本的经验为推动我国污水处理设施建设领域的进一步发展提出了建议。     

紫外光降解反应器去除氯苯气体模型的建立与应用

从光化学反应过程出发,基于线性光源球面辐射能量分布（LSSE）,以反应器内部空间的辐射能吸收密度、空塔停留时间、进口浓度等为主要参数,建立了气相环境中紫外光化学反应器去除氯苯的数学模型.结果表明,建立的模型能很好地模拟和预测紫外光化学反应器对氯苯气体的去除性能.氯苯气体的紫外光化学反应表现出一级反应动力学的特征.该模型包含了紫外光降解反应器设计的主要参数,同时被用于预测了反应器在不同进口浓度和不同空塔停留时间条件下的出口氯苯浓度,进而获得不同进口浓度达标排放所需要的最小空塔停留时间,为气相污染物的紫外光降解反应器的设计与运行提供了重要的理论指导.     

碳源类型对A~2O系统脱氮除磷的影响

采用52.5 L的A2O反应器,以乙酸和丙酸分别作为进水唯一碳源,系统研究了进水碳源类型对脱氮除磷和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,在进水COD为250 mg/L左右,NH+4-N为52 mg/L左右的条件下,原水碳源类型对TN的去除影响不大,系统TN去除率均在65%左右.进水碳源类型对TP的去除及相应污泥中PHA的类型、含量和代谢及糖原的变化影响较大.乙酸为唯一碳源时,厌氧区放磷浓度较高,污泥中PHA的成分主要为PHB和PHV,两者在厌氧区的合成量差别不大,PHB在随后的反应过程中变化较大,对除磷代谢过程起主要作用,而PHV的变化较小.丙酸作为进水唯一碳源时,厌氧区的放磷浓度偏低,主要合成PHV,几乎不含PHB,PHV在随后吸磷过程中浓度变化较大,对除磷代谢起主要作用,而且出水TP浓度偏低.碳源类型对污泥中糖原的代谢也有影响,乙酸为碳源时糖原的含量高,变化范围也较大,丙酸为碳源时糖原的变化幅度较小.在同步脱氮除磷系统中,与乙酸相比,丙酸是一种更合适的碳源.     

污水处理厂扩容改造工程的实践与体会

通过污水处理厂的扩容改造工程实例,介绍了复合生物处理工艺以及周进周出二沉池在工程上的实际应用,对采用传统活性污泥法运行的污水处理厂进行技术改造,提高其处理能力和处理效果,有一定借鉴价值.