南京地区典型霾天气个例特征的比较分析

利用2011年南京大学城市大气环境观测站气象因子及污染物浓度资料、58238站点气象探空资料及NCEP再分析资料、CALIPSO卫星资料,比较分析了南京地区4类典型霾天气(烟花爆竹、沙尘、秸秆燃烧及不利气象条件污染)的污染特征.结果表明:烟花爆竹个例污染物排放集中,以细颗粒物为主,除夕和初五的PM2.5小时浓度分别达到0.46 mg·m-3和0.34 mg·m-3,受逆温层影响,能见度持续降低,最低达到1.16 km;受北方沙尘暴南下影响,沙尘个例以粗颗粒为主要污染物,PM10小时最高浓度为0.78 mg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10平均值为0.39,粒子形状不规则,体积偏退比为0.17;秸秆燃烧个例为重霾污染,能见度最低值为0.97 km,后向散射系数为0.0039 km-1獉sr-1,PM10和PM2.5最高小时浓度达到0.80 mg·m-3和0.49 mg·m-3,颗粒物主要来自南京东南地区秸秆的集中燃烧;不利气象条件导致的污染过程在冬季比较常见,下沉气流活跃,出现双层逆温,近地面静小风造成污染物积累,PM2.5与能见度的相关系数达到0.86,细颗粒物为主要污染物.可见,南京市霾天气可分为两类,分别是由不利气象条件导致的累积性污染和由高强度排放源造成的暴发性污染,具有不同的气象和污染特征.     

春季沙尘过程对华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的影响

于2014年3—5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集了PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,利用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行分析,并同步收集气象因子及污染物质量浓度数据,结合后向气流轨迹,分离出受沙尘影响的样品,探讨了春季沙尘过程华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点沙尘影响期间颗粒物质量浓度及各水溶性离子浓度均比非沙尘期高,在粗粒子中表现更为明显;沙尘期间NO-3在粗粒子中明显富集,NO-3浓度显著升高;受沙尘影响,粗粒子中阳离子与阴离子的当量浓度比及NO2的二次转化率均明显升高.     

基于信息熵与KPSO聚类法滑坡敏感性分析

选取南京地区滑坡为研究对象。基于DEM及遥感影像数据,选取样本,提取滑坡影响因素,计算影响因素熵值。利用K折粒子群优化(K PSO)方法,在GIS环境下针对地质资料缺乏情况,生成一个可靠的南京地区滑坡敏感图。自组织特征映射网络(SOM)法用作一个并行研究,结果作为K PSO法结果对比。结果表明,K PSO法聚类准确率为85%,自组织映射(S OM)法聚类结果准确率为80%,由此说明K PSO聚类法在地质资料不足前提下形成滑坡敏感区是一种行之有效的方法。     

2011年春季沙尘天气影响下上海大气颗粒物及其化学组分的变化特征

于2011年4月28日~5月18日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度及细粒子中的化学组分进行了连续观测,获得了上海受春季沙尘天气影响下大气颗粒物质量浓度和主要化学组分特征.结果表明,沙尘天气中PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度显著高于非沙尘天,最高日均浓度分别达到787.2μg·m-3和139.5μg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10的均值为(32.9±14.6)%(15.6%~85.1%);总水溶性无机离子(TWSⅡ)占PM2.5的质量分数为(27.2±19.2)%(4.8%~80.8%),二次组分SNA(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)占TWSⅡ的(76.9±13.9)%(41.9%~94.2%),TWSⅡ和SNA对PM2.5的贡献均小于非沙尘天,而Ca2+的含量比却有明显上升.非沙尘天测得的OC/EC值高于强沙尘天,但低于弱沙尘天.此外分析还得到,沙尘中的高矿尘粒子具有酸性缓冲作用,使得沙尘天颗粒的碱性强于沙尘发生前.非沙尘天SO2-4、NO-3主要以NH4HSO4、(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在,沙尘天还会与其他矿物离子结合.     

纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜的抗污染性能

以AgNO3为前驱体,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为聚合物基体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂和成孔剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为还原剂和溶剂,利用相转化法制备了纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、原子力显微镜及接触角测定仪对杂化膜的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:原位形成的纳米Ag粒子均匀地分散在聚合物基体中,纳米Ag粒子的添加改善了PVDF膜的亲水性能.以腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白作为污染物的代表,考察了Ag/PVDF膜的抗有机污染性能.以大肠杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及活性污泥作为微生物的代表,考察了杂化膜的抗生物污染性能.结果证实了与纯PVDF膜相比,Ag/PVDF膜通量衰减较慢,可有效抑制微生物的生长,表面受活性污泥污染程度小,具有显著的抗有机污染和抗生物污染性能.     

影响上海的一次沙尘过程WRF-Dust数值模拟

利用完全耦合大气化学模式WRF-Dust(Weather Research and Forecasting-Dust)对2011年5月1~4日影响上海地区的一次典型沙尘天气过程进行了数值模拟研究,并与观测资料进行了对比分析.结果表明:WRF-Dust模式成功模拟了此次沙尘过程的形成、发展和演变的整体特征及其影响时间及范围;较好地模拟了沙尘到达上海的时间(模式和观测均在1日11:00前后)和直接影响的结束时间(2日02:00前后),而且模式沙尘浓度与观测资料较为一致;但局部地区和部分时段的气象条件和沙尘模拟还存在一定的偏差,未能准确模拟过程后期沙尘回流对长三角沿海地区的影响.分析了导致模拟偏差的原因,并探讨了提高模式沙尘模拟能力的可能途径.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

结合激光雷达分析2014年春季南京地区一次大气污染过程

利用环境监测数据、气象数据以及数值模拟结果,结合激光雷达数据反演的气溶胶消光系数,分析了2014年5月26日至6月1日南京地区一次典型的大气污染过程.本次污染过程受到外源性沙尘和烟尘输入以及本地污染排放叠加影响.气象因素对污染物的生消起到了重要作用,低压、逆温等因素阻碍污染物扩散,最终强降雨的出现使本次污染过程终结.整个污染过程中大气边界层高度偏低且变化不大,大气形势稳定,污染物扩散困难.激光雷达可以有效探测气溶胶的垂直分层结构,能直观准确地反映出污染物的分布聚集情况以及时空变化,对大气污染监测具有重要意义.     

3,5-二硝基水杨酸表面修饰纳米Ti2吸附对硝基苯酚

化学吸附法合成3,5-二硝基水杨酸表面修饰的TiO₂纳米粒子,TiO₂表面修饰后呈浅黄色,TiO₂表面羟基与3,5-二硝基水杨酸发生类似于醇和酸间的酯化反应.表层链接有苯环,极性减弱,非极性增强,在水、苯、乙醇中均分散性良好,与芳香族污染物的亲合力增强,有利于吸附去除芳香族污染物.表面修饰的TiO₂纳米粒子20mg,在最佳吸附pH值3、吸附时间10min,对100mL对硝基苯酚(3～10 mg/L)的吸附率可由改性前的43%增至99.9%.该法吸附效率高,可直接达到一级排放标准,提供了深度处理对硝基苯酚废水的新方法.