北京市海坨山冬季不同污染过程下气溶胶化学组分及其潜在来源分析

为了探讨京津冀地区冬季背景大气中气溶胶化学组分特征及其来源分布,使用GRIMM 180、单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)和高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)观测了海坨山2020年12月28日至2021年2月3日PM和化学组分,结合气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,计算了潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(...     

大气中新粒子生成机制的研究进展

新粒子生成是大气气溶胶粒子的重要来源之一,对全球空气质量、气候效应和人体健康都有着重要的影响。该文综述了实际环境大气观测新粒子成核过程中使用仪器的发展变化进程和大气中新粒子成核机制以及随后增长过程的重要研究成果。目前在全球很多不同的大气环境下都观测到了新粒子生成事件发生,并通过实验室研究和模型模拟发现了一些成核和增长机制,然而尚未有统一的机制能够全面系统地解释不同环境下新粒子是如何生成和增长的。特别是中国大气复合污染条件下粒子成核和增长的机制尚不明确。开发和应用先进的监测技术,结合外场观测、实验室研究和模型模拟等研究方法,在不同环境下进行长期的全面综合观测研究,进一步探究新粒子生成和增长背后的化学机制以及新粒子对区域空气质量和全球气候变化产生的影响,是大气新粒子生成研究亟待开展的工作。     

北京春季大气气溶胶光学特性研究

为了解北京春季气溶胶光学特性,利用AERONET Level 2.0数据资料研究了2010～2014年北京市春季大气气溶胶光学参数,以晴空作为背景,比较分析了春季及沙尘期间大气气溶胶光学性质的差异.研究发现,北京春季与沙尘期间粗粒子消光占总消光的28%和59%,沙尘期间粒子吸收仅占消光的11.4%,说明沙尘天气发生时以粗粒子消光为主且吸收作用弱.沙尘天气溶胶光学厚度呈现出高值,其值为春季平均值的1.7倍.Angstrom波长指数在沙尘期间远小于非沙尘期间,且有85%小于0.6.北京春季体积尺度谱以粗模态峰为主,其中沙尘天粗模态的体积浓度为0.81μm³/μm²明显大于春季的值(0.25μm³/μm²).沙尘期间单次散射反照率随波长增加递增,在波长440~1020nm间的平均值大于春季均值.复折射指数实部在沙尘过程的平均值达到1.51(440nm),春季均值为1.48(440nm),表明沙尘气溶胶的散射能力更强;复折射指数虚部随波长增大呈减小趋势,且春季平均值大于沙尘期间的值.沙尘期间辐射强迫大于春季值,并远高于春季晴空条件下均值.     

关于沙尘天气环境质量影响的探讨

随着人们对环境保护的越来越重视,环境空气质量逐渐占据了国家环境保护中的核心地位。沙尘天气是不可小觑的一种生态环境问题和大气问题,备受人们的普遍关注,为此深入、广泛的研究沙尘天气,尤其是研究其对环境质量的影响,在人们越加关注生存质量的当前至关重要。故而,本文将进一步研究沙尘天气对环境空气质量的影响。     

纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜的抗污染性能

以AgNO3为前驱体,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为聚合物基体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂和成孔剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为还原剂和溶剂,利用相转化法制备了纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、原子力显微镜及接触角测定仪对杂化膜的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:原位形成的纳米Ag粒子均匀地分散在聚合物基体中,纳米Ag粒子的添加改善了PVDF膜的亲水性能.以腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白作为污染物的代表,考察了Ag/PVDF膜的抗有机污染性能.以大肠杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及活性污泥作为微生物的代表,考察了杂化膜的抗生物污染性能.结果证实了与纯PVDF膜相比,Ag/PVDF膜通量衰减较慢,可有效抑制微生物的生长,表面受活性污泥污染程度小,具有显著的抗有机污染和抗生物污染性能.     

2011年春季沙尘天气影响下上海大气颗粒物及其化学组分的变化特征

于2011年4月28日~5月18日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度及细粒子中的化学组分进行了连续观测,获得了上海受春季沙尘天气影响下大气颗粒物质量浓度和主要化学组分特征.结果表明,沙尘天气中PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度显著高于非沙尘天,最高日均浓度分别达到787.2μg·m-3和139.5μg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10的均值为(32.9±14.6)%(15.6%~85.1%);总水溶性无机离子(TWSⅡ)占PM2.5的质量分数为(27.2±19.2)%(4.8%~80.8%),二次组分SNA(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)占TWSⅡ的(76.9±13.9)%(41.9%~94.2%),TWSⅡ和SNA对PM2.5的贡献均小于非沙尘天,而Ca2+的含量比却有明显上升.非沙尘天测得的OC/EC值高于强沙尘天,但低于弱沙尘天.此外分析还得到,沙尘中的高矿尘粒子具有酸性缓冲作用,使得沙尘天颗粒的碱性强于沙尘发生前.非沙尘天SO2-4、NO-3主要以NH4HSO4、(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在,沙尘天还会与其他矿物离子结合.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

风蚀性粒子降尘浓度的动力学预报模式

为探求开放源露天煤尘在自然风力作用下的扩散情况,本研究采用空气动力学的数值计算方法,以离散相拉格朗日随机轨道为计算模型,预测了原煤、大矿、水洗和精煤4类煤种料堆的降尘浓度分布,并采用风洞试验对结果进行了对比验证.结果表明:动力学模式对风蚀粒子的预报误差在±25%,其中原煤种的预报度最高,误差10%.动力学模式与高斯沉降模式相比,高斯模式对尘源处的降尘浓度预报误差过大,动力学预报模式是基于颗粒群的运动轨迹的行为预报,能准确地描述粗大颗粒的跃移运动状态,对于满足Rosin-Rammler粒径分布的固体粒子降尘浓度的预报良好.     

京津冀及周边区域PM2.5叠加沙尘重污染过程特征及预报效果分析

选取京津冀及周边区域2018年11月23日至12月4日一次大范围、长时间且PM_2.5叠加两次沙尘传输的复合型重度污染过程开展特征研究,分析了首要污染物PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的发展演变,以及污染气象影响因素;结合激光雷达地基和车载走航监测结果,以及HYSPLIT后向轨迹结果,讨论了区域污染传输的情况;并对重污染期间NAQPMS、CMAQ和CAMx这3个空气质量模式的预报效果进行了回顾分析.结果表明,研究时段PM_2.5叠加两次沙尘传输导致区域中南部多数城市达到重至严重污染水平,张家口、北京、石家庄、邯郸和郑州PM₁₀小时峰值分别为1 589、864、794、738和766μg·m^-3,PM_2.5小时峰值浓度分别为239、319、387、321和380μg·m^-3.地面弱气压场、高湿、逆温等静稳条件和沙尘是重要的污染气象和天气因素.激光雷达地基和车载走航监测数据结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析表明重污染期间区域西南和东...