某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅰ) 核废液的沥青固化处理条件对固化产物中盐粒子的微观构造的影响

设计了一套核废液的沥青固化处理模拟试验装置,对不同固化处理条件下生产的沥青固化物内的混合盐粒子的微观构造、粒径分布等进行了详细探讨.结果表明,固化处理条件的改变对固化产物中的盐粒子的大小及其粒径分布虽无明显的影响,但对其微观构造及比表面积的影响却十分明显.当核废液中含有磷酸盐并且核废液的送料速度较低时,生产的沥青固化物中的混合盐粒子的约70%是由长3-6微米,直径约1微米的针状结晶以架桥形式构成.这样的氧化剂颗粒具有很大的比表面积.     

北京人治沙有举措

春天来了。北京人喜欢她,北京人也担心她。为什么?因为北京人在春天享受着特有的一种关照一沙尘。这也是北京人最不愿意说的一种经历。只要是大风一起,沙尘就铺天盖地袭来,迷眼、呛鼻、张不开口,就连耳朵眼儿里也能挖出一耳勺沙子;女士们拿沙巾蒙面,男士们任风沙吹打,整个春天没少受罪。可人们说了,这十几年来市里郊外没少植树,没少种花种草,咋还扬尘呢?您别急,往下看就明白了。 这些年为治沙政府没少花钱,科学家们也紧着研究,但是要治沙先要弄清     

沙尘暴监测与预警方法研究

基于对以往沙尘暴监测和预报的研究，依托天气气候观测网，应用不断发展的卫星遥感监测和天气预报技术，提出符合陕西省天气气候特点的沙尘暴监测、综合预警方法。     

河道溢油模型在三峡水质预警系统中的研究与应用

为使三峡水质预警系统有效模拟预测三峡溢油事故,建立了适应该系统的平面二维河道溢油模型。常见溢油模拟的做法是在溢油自身扩展阶段采用Fay模型、在溢油飘移阶段采取油粒子模型,而文章使用根据Fay模型进行扩展之后的油粒子模型,该模型可在溢油的自身扩展和漂移阶段同时使用。该模型结合了油粒子模型和Fay模型的长处,既解决Fay模型只能用于静止海面上的限制,又解决了油粒子模型不能模拟溢油自身扩展阶段的难题,特别适用于水域相对海洋狭小且形状复杂,水流也较复杂的河流溢油模拟。将其运用为三峡水质预警系统的溢油模拟模块,取得了较好的效果。     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量变化的原因分析

利用中国大陆气溶胶指数(TOMS AI)、太阳辐射、沙尘能见度、降水量等观测资料,对中国西北部沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量进行分析.结果表明,沙漠地区AI值不但取决于沙尘暴的发生,而且取决于太阳辐射.这表明沙尘暴起沙模型和尘卷风与干热对流的联合起沙模型互为补充,沙漠地区上空的沙尘气溶胶含量是它们共同作用的结果,而由太阳辐射引发的尘卷风与干热对流较沙尘暴过程更为重要.     

珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸粒子与季节变化的相关性

文章主要利用检测单个粒子的薄膜法,探讨了中国珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸(MSA)粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、大小和酸性(pH值)及其一般变化规律。根据在2005年1月至2005年12月间采集的样品的分析结果表明:甲磺酸粒子在大气中的数量浓度在8.6×10-11～26.6×10-11nmol/m3之间变化,粒子百分数在11.4%～34.8%之间变化,当量直径在1.0964～1.5171μm之间变化,酸性(pH值)在1.86～2.71之间变化;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、当量直径和pH值的变化与季节变化具有明显的相关性;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、占总粒子的百分数随气温的升高和海洋生物生长的旺盛而增大,在夏季达到最大值,而随着气温的降低和空气湿度的增大,甲磺酸粒子的当量直径增大、酸性增强,在春季和空气湿度较大时,其当量直径具有最大值、pH值则具有最小值;1天当中,MSA粒子的浓度在下午时达到最大,早晨最小。     

Chemical composition and size distribution of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene

Photooxidation of isoprene leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the chemical composition of SOA formed from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene has been investigated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a home-made aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Sampling particles generated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was detected by a TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle size spectrometer in real time. Results showed that SOA created by isoprene photooxidation was predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m. The obtained mass spectra of individual particles show that products of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene contain methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, formaldehyde, and some other hydroxycarbonyls. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed.     

CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极对垃圾渗滤液降解特性

研制了负载型CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极,并与活性炭颗粒混合填充于主阴阳极之间,实现三维电催化氧化反应,采用XRD、SEM对粒子电极进行表征.结果表明, CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极对垃圾渗滤液显示了良好的电催化活性和稳定性,在pH为7.0、槽电压10V、空气流速0.04m3·h-1反应条件下,150min后, COD、氨氮去除率达到87.8%、45.4%,去除效果较传统二维平板、三维复极性电解槽更高,经20次反复使用后仍具有一定催化活性.研究了电-多相催化氧化体系对垃圾渗滤液降解的动力学规律,表明渗滤液降解符合准一级反应动力学规律;并在此条件下,体系以直接氧化占优.     

沙尘的红外衰减特性研究

应用Mie理论分析了沙尘粒子的散射特性,研究了具有一定粒径分布的沙尘粒子的红外衰减特-洼。研究结果表明,指数分布和对数正态分布下沙尘的衰减预测结果比较接近且随能见度的增大衰减减小。不同沙尘天气衰减计算结果表明,波长为11μm时,沙尘暴引起的衰减最大、自然沙尘引起的衰减最小。