北京市区大气真菌粒度分布及降雨的影响

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器在北京市西单观测了大气真菌粒子的粒度分布及降雨的影响，结果表明，北京市区大气真菌粒度呈对数正态分布，降雨可明显降低＞６．０μｍ的大气真菌粒子的粒数百分比。     

Silver nanoparticles tolerant bacteria from sewage environment

Silver nanoparticle (SNP) is a threat to soil, water and human health. Protection of environment from silver nanoparticles is a major concern. A sewage isolate, Bacillus pumilus treated with SNPs showed similar growth kinetics to that without nanoparticles. A reduction in the amount of exopolysaccharides was observed after SNPs – B. pumilus culture supernatant interaction. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) peaks for the exopolysaccharides extracted from the bacterial culture supernatant and the interacted SNPs were almost similar. The exopolysaccharide capping of the SNPs was confirmed by UV-Visible, FT-IR and X-ray di raction analysis. The study of bacterial exopolysaccharides capped SNPs with E. coli, S. aureus and M. luteus showed less toxicity compared to uncoated SNPs. Our studies suggested that the capping of nanoparticles by bacterially produced exopolysaccharides serve as the probable mechanism of tolerance.     

沙尘暴灾害与沙尘天气的防护

沙尘天气是干旱地区特有的一种灾害性天气。早春大地回暖,气温回升较快,低层空气很不稳定,很容易出现空气扰动把地面沙尘卷向空中的扬尘现象。在扬尘天,空中沙尘弥漫,人们外出活动被风沙搞得灰头土脸;沙尘降低了能见度,对交通运输造成了不良影响。如果遭遇持续强劲的大风,便形成了沙尘暴。强沙尘暴可长距离扩散到数千里之外,沙尘遮天蔽日天昏地暗,空气混浊,水平能见度只有几百米甚至几十米。这种气象灾害给人们的生产生活带来了严重威胁。     

富营养化评价的幂函数加和型普适指数公式

提出了一个用幂函数加和型表示湖泊富营养化评价的综合指数公式,并采用粒子群算法优化公式中的参数,得出优化后适用于多指标的富营养化综合评价的普适指数公式,该公式的特例也可作为单项指标的富营养化评价指数公式.将优化好的湖泊富营养化评价公式用于我国不同地域和不同类型的65个湖泊的实例评价.其评价结果与用修正卡森指数公式TSI.和我国营养状态指数公式TSI,及其它方法的评价结果基本一致,并与实况相符,从而为水体富营养化评价提供了一种新的有效途径.     

基于SPH方法的埋地PE燃气管道挖掘破坏数值模拟研究

为弥补有限元法在埋地燃气管道挖掘破坏研究中的不足,基于光滑粒子流体动力学法（SPH）,建立挖齿-土体-管道相互作用动力学模型,采用FORTRAN编程实现SPH计算程序,并结合算例分析挖齿挖掘过程挖齿-土体-管道实时状态及管道动态响应,最终得到椭圆度、应力应变分布等重要参数。结果表明:SPH方法可有效分析埋地管道挖掘破坏全过程,研究结果为挖齿-土体-管道等多方接触或冲击领域提供新的研究方法。     

植被覆盖对沙尘天气滞后性影响的机制分析

1982～2000年卫星和335个气象台站沙尘天气观测资料相关分析显示,中国区域沙尘天气年发生频次与植被覆盖率存在非线性关系.在沙尘天气主要发生源地,夏季植被的覆盖状况会直接影响后期冬春两季各类沙尘天气的发生次数,而这种影响机制却不清楚.本研究通过准地转正压模式,从3个摩擦量级分析了上述现象的物理机制.结果表明,在大气与水面摩擦系数量级,最高可在72 h内使边界层大气风速平均下降90%;在大气与裸土摩擦量级,18 h内边界层大气平均风速最高可下降100%;在大气与植被摩擦量级,1 h内边界层大气平均风速就可以下降100%.观测事实和模拟结果证实,地表植被残存的根茎,是影响冬春两季沙尘天气发生频次的重要因素之一.残留根茎对大气的摩擦阻挡作用,是夏季植被对沙尘天气产生滞后性作用的主要机制.     

包覆型纳米铁的制备及其去除三氯乙烯的研究

采用微乳聚合法成功的用聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(PMMA)包覆了纳米铁粒子.透射电镜、红外光谱和热重分析证明,PMMA包覆层存在于铁表面,包覆型纳米铁在空气中的稳定性明显提高.批次实验结果表明,该纳米材料能有效降解环境污染物三氯乙烯(TCE),包覆型纳米铁对TCE的还原反应符合准一级反应动力学.     

Preparation of nanoparticles with an environment-friendly approach

Developing various approaches for preparing high performance materials has long been topics and tasks both for scientists and for engineers.Despite that many methods have been developed for preparing nanomaterials,developing simple and environment-friendly ways for preparing nanomaterials is very attractive.A simple approach of synthesizing Fe3O4 nanoparticles by arc-discharge submerging in water was reported.The results showed that by this method Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized in large scale.The as-prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit uniform spherical shape and their diameters varied with arc-discharging parameters.The experimental results showed that the size of the synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be controlled through adjusting the processing parameters.Since no vacuum system has been used,the synthesizing process is greatly simplified.In addition,only cheap deionized water and industrial iron bar are used and no pollution or harmful by-products are found in the synthesis process.It indicated that the present approach is a simple,low-cost and environment-friendly for preparing nanoparticles.     

Evaluation of the adsorption potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles for arsenic removal

The adsorption potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles for removing arsenic from drinking water was evaluated. Pure and iron-doped TiO2 particles are synthesized via sol-gel method. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were then immobilized on ordinary sand for adsorption studies. Adsorption isotherms were conducted on the synthesized nanoparticles as well as the sand coated with TiO2 nanoparticles under varying conditions of air and light, namely, the air-sunlight (A-SL), air-light (AL), air-dark (AD) and nitrogen-dark (ND). X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the pure and the iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were in 100% anatase crystalline phase with crystal sizes of 108 and 65 nm, respectively.Adsorption of arsenic on the three adsorbents was non-linear that could be described by the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models. Iron doping enhanced the adsorption capacity of TiO2 nanoparticle by arresting its grain growth and making it visible light responsive resulting in a higher affinity for arsenic. Similarly, the arsenic removal by adsorption on the sand coated with TiO2 nanoparticles was the highest among the three types of sand used. In all cases, As(V) adsorbed more compared with As(III). Solution pH appeared to be the most important factor in controlling the amount of arsenic adsorbed.