沙尘天气对我国北方城市大气环境质量的影响

采用2001—2006年沙尘天气的统计数据以及城市空气污染指数(API),分析了沙尘天气对沙尘源区和影响区代表城市的空气质量影响,并分析了2005—2007年兰州和北京春季沙尘天气与非沙尘天气下气溶胶光学厚度与波长指数的变化特征.结果表明:近些年沙尘天气呈先减少后略微增加但总体呈缓慢下降的趋势;春季沙尘天气加重了城市大气污染,对沙尘源区内代表城市的影响超过了区域本底污染指数的50%,使兰州、银川、呼和浩特和包头的春季非沙尘天气API平均值分别增加了64%,53%,86%和90%;使影响区内代表城市,如北京、天津、太原、石家庄、沈阳、济南、西安和郑州的春季非沙尘天气API平均值分别增加了85%,62%,49%,57%,29%,41%,27%和45%;沙尘天气使城市大气气溶胶光学厚度升高,气溶胶波长指数降低.      

柴油车燃料添加型催化剂研究进展

现代柴油机油耗低、动力强,但是排放的尾气中黑烟颗粒物PM(particulate matter)会对环境和人类健康造成危害。随着排放法规的日益严格,净化处理刻不容缓。当前对其排放控制的主要手段是使用颗粒物捕集器DPF(diesel particulate filter)捕集PM,并采用催化剂或提高尾气温度促其燃烧以实现DPF再生。燃料添加型催化剂FBC(fuel borne catalyst)能保证催化剂与PM紧密接触,使DPF在尾气温度范围内即可再生。文章对近年来FBC的研究开发进展进行了总结,并指出了该类催化剂的发展方向,即发展纳米级FBC。     

广州城区秋季大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子分析

分别在广州市中心城区高楼顶(距地50m)和交通干线路边(距地1.2m),于2006年秋季连续一周采集了大气PM2.5样品,对比分析了SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、F-、Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+等9种水溶性无机离子含量。结果表明,楼顶相对充分混合大气中PM2.5的质量浓度范围59.5～129.5μg/m3,均值为83.7μg/m3;交通干线路边大气PM2.5的质量浓度范围为108.4～132.2μg/m3,均值为121.1μg/m3。9种离子总浓度平均达到50.9(楼顶)和44.1(路边)μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的60.8%(楼顶)和36.4%(路边)。SO42-和NO3-为水溶性无机离子主要组成,其占PM2.5质量浓度的比例均是楼顶高于路边,显示二次气溶胶对楼顶充分混合大气中PM2.5有较大贡献,而路边样品中一次来源贡献相对较大。计算表明采样期间海盐对广州大气PM2.5中的水溶性组分贡献较小。NH4+当量浓度远小于SO42-和NO3-的当量浓度,中和度远1,反映PM2.5酸性较强,且楼项PM2.5粒子酸性高于路边样品。     

Fabrication of Bi2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites and their applications to the degradation of pollutants in air and water under visible-light

A nanoheterojunction composite photocatalyst Bi2O3/TiO2working under visible-light(λ 420 nm) was prepared by combining two semiconductors Bi2O3 and TiO2 varying the Bi2O3/TiO2molar ratio. Maleic acid was employed as an organic binder to unite Bi2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles. The SEM, TEM, XRD and diffuse reflectance spectra were utilized to characterize the prepared Bi2O3/TiO2nanoheterojunction. The nanocomposite exhibited unusual high photocatalytic activity in decomposing 2-propanol in gas phase and phenol in aqueous phase and, evolution of CO2 under visible light irradiation while the end members exhibited low photocatalytic activity. The composite was optimized to 5 mol% Bi2O3/TiO2. The remarkable high photocatalytic efficiency originates from the unique relative energy band position of Bi2O3 and TiO2 as well as the absorption of visible light by Bi2O3.     

南京冬季大气气溶胶粒子谱分布及其对能见度的影响

2009年11～12月采用宽范围气溶胶粒径谱仪（WPS）、自动气象站和能见度仪等高分辨率仪器对南京北郊气溶胶粒子的谱分布特征与气象因子的关系及其对大气能见度的影响进行研究.结果表明,数浓度谱呈双峰分布,主峰集中在0.04～0.1μm;质量浓度谱的2个主峰位于0.5～0.7μm和2.7μm左右;表面积谱的2个主峰分别位于...     

北京氨源排放及其对二次粒子生成的影响

对北京氨源排放状况、以及氨对大气二次粒子生成的影响进行了初步分析 .结果表明 :各种氨源的排放中 ,使用氮肥的贡献最大 ,占 41% ,动物占 34% ,人的贡献为 22% ,污水处理厂占 2% ,而合成氨和氮肥生产只占 1% ;大气氨浓度是北京春、秋、冬3季生成二次粒子的主控因子 .     

光催化-膜分离组合工艺降解斯蒂芬酸的研究

研究了利用光催化-膜分离组合工艺降解斯蒂芬酸废水.通过对中空纤维微滤膜进行预处理,提高了膜的亲水性,降低了膜的固有阻力.对反应装置进行长达一个月的连续运行效果考察,中空纤维膜对二氧化钛粒子能达到完全的截留,并在长期运行中二氧化钛的光催化降解斯蒂芬酸的效率能保持稳定,从而保证了光催化反应的连续进行,很好地做到了二氧化钛光催化剂的回收再利用,具有一定的实用性.     

沙尘粒子的成分和形态分析

采用试剂薄膜法和X射线能谱,分析了1995年春季发生在北京5次沙尘过程中采集的单个沙尘粒子的特征,粒子按粒径分为粗粒子(d＞1μm)和细粒子(1μm≥d＞0.1μm),除了沙尘粒子呈不规则形状,主要集中在粗粒子段外,得到的其它主要结果如下:几乎没有沙尘粒子含有可溶性硫酸盐,含硫粒子的能谱中硫的峰也不明显,并且含有硝酸盐的沙尘粒子仅占总沙尘粒子数的11%,远远低于无沙尘时硝酸盐粒子所占的比例.这些结果说明,发生于中国北部和西北地区的沙尘在中国大陆内传输过程中,其本身成分变化不大,仍以其源区的组成成分为主.另外在个别沙尘过程中的采样分析表明,北京市内的建筑粉尘有时也是局地的尘源,它们在粗细粒子中都有,外形呈规则的立方体结晶状,所含的地壳元素以Ca为主.     

Comprehensive characterization of ambient nanoparticles collected near an industrial science park: Particle size distributions and relationships with environmental factors

We investigated the characteristics of ambient particles and their relationships with various environmental factors, including gaseous pollutants (CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), total hydrocarbons (THC), NOx, CO, SO2), meteorological parameters (humidity, temperature), and time (day/night, workday/weekend). We used an electrical low-pressure cascade impactor to measure the number and size distributions of ambient particles (0.007–10 m) that were collected approximately 1 km northwest of Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan between February and May 2007. The number concentrations of particles were enhanced through photochemical reactions during the day. In addition, high traffic flow during workdays increased the formation of particulates. Except for SO2, all of the gaseous pollutants we studied (CH4, NMHC, THC, NOx, CO) correlated positively with the total number concentrations of ambient particles during daytime, indicating that they might contribute to the particulate burden. The poorer relationship between the SO2 level and the total number concentration of particles suggests that SO2 might participate indirectly in the nucleation process during particle formation, The high enrichment factors for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Mn, which mostly comprised the ultrafine particles (diameter: < 0.1 m) and fine particles (diameter: 0.1–1 m), presumably arose from emissions from traffic and high technology factories. Heterogeneous reactions on solid particles might play a role in the removal of SOx and NOx from the atmosphere. Sulfides and nitrides can further react with these local pollutants, forming specific Cu-containing compounds: CuO (39%), CuSO4 (34%), and Cu(NO3)2 (27%), within the ambient particles in this industrial area.     

全球主要沙源区沙尘气溶胶与太阳辐射的关系

利用TOMS AI气溶胶指数和天文辐射资料对全球主要沙漠区沙尘气溶胶含量与太阳辐射的关系进行验证.结果表明,无论是北半球的沙漠还是南半球的沙漠,其沙尘气溶胶指数和太阳辐射都有非常高的相关性.事实和理论均表明太阳辐射是影响沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量主要的因子之一.