一种基于蚯蚓学习行为的神经毒性实验方法研究

土壤生物的学习行为是一种综合性的神经高级活动,对土壤中的神经毒性污染物生态风险监测具有重要价值.本研究设计了一套试验装置,基于蚯蚓对白光刺激的厌恶本性,通过振动-白光配对刺激,对蚯蚓进行学习训练,使蚯蚓领会借助加速移动阻止白光刺激的策略,通过蚯蚓到达移动位移阈值的时间测定,对蚯蚓的学习行为进行测试,建立了蚯蚓的学习行为...     

某在役炼化场地特征污染物识别与分析

以多水期污染监测数据为基础,采用内梅罗污染指数(Pn)法对某在役炼化场地的特征污染物进行识别,并对识别结果进行分析。研究表明：该炼化场地土壤中优先控制的特征污染物有砷、钴、苯、苯并[a]芘、乙苯和石油烃(C₁₀～C₄₀),一般特征污染物有铊、铍、铅、钒、镍、间/对-二甲苯和二苯并[a,h]蒽等;地下水中优先控制的特征污染物有钒、铊、钼、苯乙烯、苯并[a]芘、石油烃(C₁₀～C₄₀)、苯、硫化物、氨氮、耗氧量、硫酸盐、挥发酚和氯化物,一般特征污染物有钴、砷、镍、铍、铅、甲苯、1,2-二氯丙烷、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、二苯并[a,h]蒽、氟化物、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐;本工作构建的特定场地特征污染物识别方法简捷有效、科学合理。     

生物泥浆技术修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究进展

生物泥浆技术作为一种污染土壤生物修复技术,具有修复效率高、修复时间短及修复成本低等优点。本文介绍了生物泥浆修复设备的结构及修复工艺流程,例举了生物泥浆技术修复多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤的典型案例,探讨了生物泥浆技术修复PAHs污染土壤效果的主要影响因素：PAHs理化性质、PAHs污染浓度和污染时间、微生物、泥浆水土比、电子受体、传质过程等。展望了生物泥浆技术未来的发展方向：通过分子生物学工具监控、调节生物修复,促进泥浆内部微生物群落活动,有针对性地提高微生物对PAHs的修复能力。     

内蒙古乌拉盖河流域沉积物重金属污染物特征及潜在风险评估研究

以内蒙古地区乌拉盖河流域及其支流为研究对象,分析了沉积物中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)的含量特征和空间含量变化,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为19.65、11.91、11.14、42.54、7.73、0.091、14.11mg·kg^-1。重金属在空间分布上存在较大差异。污染评价结果显示,Cd的污染程度较大,Zn、As、Cu的污染程度较轻。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中重金属含量

本文采用石墨电热消解法和电热板消解法处理土壤样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中铜、锌、铅、镍、铬的含量。铜、锌、铅、镍、铬测定结果的相对标准偏差在2%～7%,标准样品测定结果在标准值±10%以内。     

垃圾分类下焚烧与填埋处理过程及碳排放核算——以苏州市为例

在“碳达峰、碳中和”和垃圾分类的双重背景下,苏州市积极推进垃圾分类相关工作。其中垃圾焚烧发电产生碳减排,减排强度为276.25kg/t,减排总量为56585.01t;垃圾填埋处理碳减排过程为填埋气发电碳减排,填埋处理每吨垃圾减碳158.72 kg,减排总量为1778.65t。生活垃圾焚烧处理和填埋处理碳减排量较为显著。     

园林景观工程绿化种植施工技术探究

本文主要围绕园林景观工程绿化种植施工技术进行探讨。首先,阐述了园林景观工程的重要性。然后,分析了绿化种植施工中存在的问题。最后,提出了强化绿化种植施工技术水平的措施,包括施工前的勘察与设计、种植苗木的合理选择、园林景观场地的平整、技术手段明确苗木种植位点以及苗木栽种后的后期保护。这些措施有助于确保绿化种植施工的质量和效果,提升城市环境的美观性、生态性和可持续性。     

HDTMA改性粘土吸附固定沉积物间隙水中多环芳烃的模拟研究

选用经过十六烷三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA-Br)改性的粘土矿物为吸附剂,探讨其对水中多环芳烃类有机污染物的吸附性能。结果表明,HDTMA改性土吸附固定水中多环芳烃的能力比天然沉积物要高得多且吸附稳定。本文还讨论了环境温度、pH值、盐度、振荡时间、污染物初始浓度以及投土量对吸附性能的影响以确定吸附的适宜条件。根据实验结论,将HDTMA改性土投到实际间隙水样品中,经过充分的吸附,结果显示,经HDTMA改性粘土吸附后的间隙水中多环芳烃的含量均在检出线以下,说明HDTMA改性土可以有效地吸附固定沉积物间隙水中的多环芳烃,降低其迁移性,防止其释放产生二次污染。     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.