城市灾害应急管理体制研究

城市是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,城市灾害是个全球性的问题.当前城市灾害形势依然严峻,仍面临着来自多方面的挑战.首先阐述了城市灾害应急管理的定义,针对目前城市灾害的严峻形势和灾害损失现状,分析了城市灾害应急的重要性;通过对城市灾害应急管理体制的系统分析,指出了存在的主要问题,进而提出了可行性对策:必须构建统一的城市灾害应急管理体制,建立健全的应急管理机构,充分发挥各级政府的职能,完善应急预警.同时,提出要建立城市灾害管理信息系统和灾害应急指挥决策系统,完善我国城市灾害法律法规与标准体系,建成一个科学、系统、全面的城市灾害应急管理体制.     

上海强对流天气预警中心成立

上海市新建的学校、医院,抗震设防标准有望超7度;“身高”超高的高层建筑,今后要接受地震安全性“体检”。为配合新《防震减灾法》的施行,《上海市实施〈中华人民共和国防震减灾法〉办法》年底有望出台。     

改善城市环境的空中森林

全球气候变暖让世界越来越热,城市更是遭殃,形成了一个又一个的热岛。为了逐步解除城市中的热岛效应,美国研究人员提出了在城市中建设空中森林的设想。简单地说,就是在城市的大楼里种树。这些空中森林占地少、效率高,有很好的发展前景。     

中国低碳城市发展的必要性和治理模式分析

为了应对气候变化和全球变暖,以降低人类生产和生活活动的碳足迹为目标的低碳发展模式得到各方重视.世界多个城市的政府以及诸多国际组织都在积极推进低碳城市的建设.在我国快速城市化和工业化的背景下,发展低碳城市是开拓新型城市发展理论和规划理论的有利契机,是寻找新的经济增长点,实现低碳发展和可持续发展的必经之路,也是激发城市后发优势,实现跨越式发展的良好契机.本文从低碳城市概念发展的脉络入手,结合国内外低碳城市的实践和我国的发展特点,提出了低碳城市的概念辨析,分析低碳城市建设的原则和特点,并着重讨论建设低碳城市所必需的治理模式和制度建设模式,提出了基于城市历史传承和社会经济发展特点的政府、市场、公民三方协作互动模型,为我国低碳城市发展提供了概念基础和理论铺垫.     

基于水质的水资源模型与水质经济学初探

在对传统的以水量为核心的水资源模型理论与实践矛盾的分析基础上,阐述了水资源社会及自然循环规律,提出城市-流域系统中水资源利用的水质自然与人工再生过程和自然、人工修复的双要素.提出水质再生和水量循环的水资源模型及其假设和约束条件,确定了模型适用的边际条件和范围,据此进一步辨析了城市污水回用与再生水的异同,将再生水置于流域尺度的城市群上下游用户层面,提出污水回用(包括中水利用)是降低需求,再生水是增加总量的基本结论.在以水质为核心的水资源模型基础上,对现有水资源经济学定义进行了修正和补充,提出了水质经济学的基础概念,并讨论了水质经济学指导下的供水服务和价格模型结构,重新定位了再生水的战略并提出以流域水体的净化成本和人工水质改善成本共同形成的全成本高低来表征流域水资源短缺程度的缺水等级划分新思路.     

Comprehensive Assessment on Tourism Eco-environment of Gansu Province Based on Spatial Data

The article studies tourism eco-environment of 14 cities of Gangsu Province, China, based on GIS with many kinds of multi-subject spatial database, such as remote sensing data, observation data and literature data. The research results were as follows. First, spatial features of 14 cities＇ tourism eco-environment are displayed with five levels of vulnerability respectively. The vulnerability in Gansu becomes worse from Gannan City, located in southern Gansu to Hexi Corridor which lies in northwestern Gansu. Second, the areas of above the middle vulnerability level make up 75% of the total areas of Gansu Province. Third, more than 70% of high-level human and natural tourism resources are in the areas with high vulnerability eco-environment. Fourth, it is crucial to develop comprehensive tourism industry in order to improve the harmonious development between tourism industry and eco-environment in Gansu Province.     

低碳经济对武汉城市圈建设"两型社会"的启示

低碳经济是发达国家为应对全球气候变化而提出的新的经济发展模式,它强调以较少的温室气体排放获得较大的经济产出.目前它正成为一种新的国际潮流,影响着各国的经济社会发展进程.武汉城市圈在建设"两型社会"的过程中,面临着特定的制约因素,需要建设性地降低碳的排放.文章通过介绍低碳经济的经济学内涵,指出低碳经济实质上是经济发展方式、能源消费方式、人类生活方式的一次新变革,它将全方位地改造建立在化石燃料(能源)基础上的现代工业文明,转向生态经济和生态文明.在低碳经济兴起的背景下,工业化中期以重化工业为主的重工业结构对武汉城市圈资源环境产生了巨大压力.文章通过分析武汉市的生态足迹赤字和脱钩(节能减排)发展情况,指出武汉城市圈所面临的环境压力,得出建设"两型社会"会对降低碳的排放起到促进作用的结论,并在体制、技术创新等方面,积极做好向低碳经济转型的准备.     

CO_2 Emission Induced by Urban Household Consumption in China

Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.     

“无车日”提醒用车环保与文明

9月22日,是我国及世界33个国家、1005个城市的“无车日”。为了减少尾气排放,唤起人们对环境保护的重视和对健康的关注,哈尔滨市有关部门向市民发出倡议,提议群众从爱车中走出来,以乘公交车、骑自行车、步行等绿色出行方式,参与到无车日活动中来。据悉,今年城市无车日活动的主题是“健康环保的自行车、步行和城市公共交通”。目前,福州、广州、西安、上海等108个国内年城市开展了“无车日”活动。     

污染减排，环保工作的重中之重

节能减排是是中国政府和国家环境意志的体现;污染减排是中国“十一五”环境保护的重中之重;污染减排本质上是一个综合的社会经济和政治问题;是党中央国务院向全国人民的庄严承诺;是实现环保历史性转变（同步、并重、综合）的具体措施;是环境优化经济的具体体现;是环境保护在宏观和战略层面参与国家决策的具体渠道;是实现资源节约型、环境友好型社会的必由之路;是建设生态文明的必然要求。2008年,环境保护部成立了污染物排放总量控制司。本刊邀请总量控制司司长赵华林就污染减排工作的背景意义、重点、疑点等环保工作者和读者最关心的问题谈谈他的看法和见解。