Forecasting the e ects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area di erentiated (100 m 100 m) approach. REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, e ective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The e ects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the e ects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

污水处理的节能实践

采用变频技术时污水处理设备进行节能改造，使其根据污水水量、水质的变化而自动调速。将污泥机械脱水滤液与剩余污泥混合，以此来改善污泥的浓缩脱水性能。工程运行实例表明：设备的变频调速和滤液的再利用能够降低污水处理的能量消耗，提高工艺运行水平。     

微塑料对土壤中养分和镉淋失的影响

微塑料作为新兴污染物,具有尺寸小、比表面积大、吸附能力强和降解慢等特点,其环境效应受到越来越多的关注.微塑料会改变土壤性质,影响土壤中养分和污染物的迁移能力,但是微塑料对土壤养分和重金属淋失的影响尚缺乏研究.通过土壤柱浸滤实验比较研究了在模拟降雨条件下不同质量分数（0%、 0.2%和2%）的聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚乳酸（PLA）微塑料对土壤中养分和镉淋失的影响.总体上,降雨强度增加会促进土壤中养分和镉的淋失.2%PS在大暴雨时显著增加总氮的淋失和土壤中有效磷含量,减少了无机磷的淋失和土壤铵态氮含量,大雨时增加土壤速效钾含量.大雨和暴雨时2%PLA减少了硝态氮的淋失,暴雨和大暴雨时降低土壤铵态氮含量,大暴雨时降低土壤总氮的含量,且大暴雨时0.2%PLA显著增加镉的淋失.结果显示,微塑料对土壤养分和镉淋失的影响与微塑料的种类和质量分数有关,并受到降雨水平的影响.研究表明,难降解微塑料聚苯乙烯和可降解微塑料聚乳酸都会对土壤中养分和重金属的淋失产生影响.     

市政污泥深度脱水滤液水质特性研究

以武汉市五座污水处理厂剩余污泥经Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三种污泥调理方法调理及脱水的污泥深度脱水滤液为研究对象,分析测定了水样的常规水质指标。结果表明,配方Ⅰ所得脱水滤液pH为12.8左右,呈强碱性,配方Ⅱ、Ⅲ所得脱水滤液pH=3.0~6.2,呈酸性。污泥深度脱水滤液的水质随脱水污泥的来源、污泥调理方法不同而异,稳定、氧化程度高的污泥其深度脱水滤液水质较好。经调理后的深度脱水滤液ρ(COD)为180~1200 mg/L,为中低浓度有机废水;BOD5/COD=0.49~0.66,可生化性良好;氨氮浓度为20~200 mg/L,差异较大,但普遍较高,C/N在2.2~13.4,属低C/N比废水;TP在0.4~5.5 mg/L,C∶N∶P对微生物生长来说并不协调。污泥调理剂中的破胞试剂对污泥脱水滤液水质影响较大,配方Ⅱ、Ⅲ调理剂中含破胞试剂,调理后的污泥深度脱水滤液COD和氨氮值较大。最后,建议对氨氮负荷过高而不适合回流的深度脱水滤液采用高效的生物脱氮工艺进行处理。     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

不同钻井液压滤液色度与CODCr关联性

COD_(Cr)是影响废弃钻井液固化体环保风险的重要控制指标,针对废弃钻井液固化体COD_(Cr)测定前处理和检测均消耗大量时间,影响实验进度和效率的问题,考虑到废弃钻井液固化体渗滤液与钻井液压滤液污染物浓度的相近性,通过分别对聚磺、新型聚醚、聚合物、钾盐成膜、聚胺、聚束等钻井液体系压滤液进行色度和COD_(Cr)的测定,绘制色度与COD_(Cr)关系曲线,结果表明色度与COD_(Cr)具有良好的相关性,相关系数r均不小于0.985。利用相关性方程可根据色度计算COD_(Cr)的大致浓度范围,从而掌握不同渗滤液对环境的污染风险。     

海洋卡盾藻无细胞滤液对赤潮微藻的作用及其与微藻的共培养

实验模拟条件下,研究了海洋卡盾藻无细胞滤液对四种微藻生长的影响及其与东海原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的共培养。结果表明:卡盾藻无细胞滤液对三角褐指藻、东海原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻细胞的生长速率都有显著的抑制效应(P<0.01),而对中肋骨条藻的生长抑制作用较弱,当卡盾藻滤液在高浓度(15 mL、20 mL)/40 mL下,中肋骨条藻的生长才受到显著抑制,而低浓度下没有明显影响。海洋卡盾藻与甲藻的共培养明显促进了卡盾藻的生长,抑制了甲藻的生长,对东海原甲藻的抑制作用较强。共培养的结果可能是由于海洋卡盾藻与甲藻之间存在化感作用或营养盐竞争作用,而无细胞滤液对微藻的作用表明海洋卡盾藻对微藻产生化感效应。     

生物炭对菜地土壤氮平衡及酸碱缓冲能力的影响

针对太湖地区菜地化肥氮投入量较大导致氮淋失严重及土壤酸化的现状,选取太湖地区的菜地土壤,利用盆栽试验连续种植三季小白菜,结合生物炭埋袋回收技术,研究不同化肥氮施用量(以N计,0和110 mg/kg)及生物炭添加量(w为0%、1%、2%和5%)对土壤氮淋失及酸碱缓冲能力的影响. 结果表明:在化肥氮施用量为110 mg/kg条件下,与无生物炭添加相比,生物炭添加量为2%时可使作物对土壤矿质态氮的利用效率提高约1倍(由41%增至81%),因化肥氮施用引起的土壤氮素残留量降低83%;生物炭添加可有效减少48%~65%的土壤氮淋失量,当添加量为1%、2%时,生物炭主要通过削减淋失液中ρ(TN)来降低土壤氮淋失量;添加量为5%时,则主要通过削减淋失液体积来实现. 无论是否添加化肥氮,生物炭均能有效维持土壤原有的pH、w(有机质)及w(盐基离子);促使土壤酸碱缓冲能容量增加22%~37%,致酸速率降低17%~80%,显著提升了土壤的酸碱缓冲能力. 研究显示,在化肥氮施用量为110 mg/kg条件下,生物炭添加量为2%时能对土壤酸化产生较好的缓冲效果.      

选择性吸附法处理含表面活性剂和多环芳烃的土壤淋洗液研究

比较研究了H103树脂、活性炭、沸石、硅藻土和膨润土等5种吸附剂对土壤淋洗液中TX-100与PAHs的吸附性能.批实验结果表明,H103树脂、活性炭、沸石、硅藻土和膨润土吸附后,淋洗液中T-PAHs及TX-100浓度分别为0.03和0 mg·L~(-1)、0.16和3623 mg·L~(-1)、15.21和6175 mg·L~(-1)、15.98和6555 mg·L~(-1)、9.49和4332 mg·L~(-1),选择性吸附系数排序依次为活性炭膨润土沸石硅藻土H103树脂.其中,活性炭能够去除淋洗液中99%的PAHs,同时保留51.33%的TX-100回收再利用,选择吸附系数达到109.5.活性炭固定床实验中,由淋洗液溶质的穿透曲线计算出物质的吸附容量.当空隙体积为2.5-7PV时,活性炭能够去除淋洗液中72%的PAHs,同时保留81%的TX-100,平均选择吸附系数为10.08.由此可见,活性炭固定床可有效处理含表面活性剂土壤淋洗液中的多环芳烃,同时实现表面活性剂的回收再利用.