Arsenic and major cation hydrogeochemistry of the Central Victorian (Australia) surface waters

This paper reports on the major cations（Ca, Mg, Na and K） and arsenic（As） compositions of surface waters collected from major creeks, rivers and lakes in Central Victoria （Australia）. The surface waters were found to be neutral to alkaline （pH 6.7-9.4）, oxidised （average redox potential （Eh） about 130 mV） and showed variable concentrations of dissolved ions （EC, about 51-4386 /μS/cm）. The concen- trations of dissolved major cations in surface waters were found to be in the order of Na〉〉Mg〉Ca〉K and in soils the contents of metals followed an order of abundance as： Ca〉Mg〉〉K〉Na. While Na was the least abundant in soils, it registered the highest dissolved cation in surface waters. Of the four major cations, the average concentration ofNa（98.7 mg/L） was attributed to the weathering of feldspars and atmospheric input. Relatively highly dissolved concentrations of Na and Mg compared with the world average values of rivers reflected the weathering of rock and soil minerals within the catchments. The As soil level is naturally high（linked to lithology） as reflected by high background soil values and mining operations are also considered to be a contributory factor. Under relatively alkaline-oxidative conditions low mobility of dissolved As （average about 7.9 μg/L） was observed in most of the surface waters with a few higher values（〉15 μg/L） around a sewage disposal site and mine railings. Arsenic in soils is slowly released into water under alkaline and/or lower Eh conditions. The efficient sink of Fe, AI and Mn oxides acts as a barrier against the As release under near neutral-oxidising conditions. High As content （average about 28.3 mg/kg） in soils was found to be associated with Fe-hydroxides as revealed by XRD and SEM analysis. The dissolved As concentration was found to be below the recommended maximum levels for recreational water in all surface waters（lakes and rivers） in the study area. Catchment lithology exerted the fundamental control on surface water chemistry. Sites impacted by mining waste dumps showed a decline in water quality.     

Adsorption of Pb, Cd to Fe, Mn oxides in natural freshwater surface coatings developed in different seasons

Metal oxides( Fe, Mn oxides) in natural surface coatings(biofilms and associated minerals) are believed to play a significant role n the fate and transport of trace metal in aquatic environments. Seasonal variation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in surface oatings, which were developed periodically on glass slides in Nanhu Lake, Jilin Province, China over the time frame of three seasons,was investigated in order to understand the influence of metal oxides on Pb and Cd adsorption to heterogeneous surface coating materials(biofilm). Pb and Cd adsorption was measured under controlled laboratory conditions( mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic trength 0.05 mol/L, 25~C and pH 6.0). The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb nd Cd adsorption to the surface coatings. In general, components in the surface coatings varied greatly with seasons altering and btained higher concentrations in summer while the content of iron oxides always exceeded that of manganese oxides. Correlation nalyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd and components in the surface coatings developed periodically indicated that Pb hase association with Mn oxides and Cd phase association with Fe oxides as well as Mn oxides were statistically significant. Effect of Mn xides on Cd adsorption was confirmed in view of its higher content in the surface coatings. The importance of ferromanganese oxides for b and Cd adsorption to the natural surface coatings developed in different seasons was evidenced.     

黑色金属材料在长江淡水中的腐蚀行为

通过现场暴露试验,获得了2种碳钢、3种不锈钢及1种不锈钢与碳钢复合板材料在武汉长江淡水中的4年腐蚀试验结果,总结了它们的腐蚀行为。结果表明,Q235和16Mn碳钢在武汉长江中有较高的腐蚀率和明显的点蚀,稳定腐蚀率为0.055 mm/a;暴露4 a,奥氏体不锈钢304和316L没有明显腐蚀,而马氏体不锈钢430有较明显的点蚀和缝隙腐蚀;马氏体不锈钢0Cr13Ni5Mo与Q345C复合钢板在长江淡水中使用4 a后,0Cr13Ni5Mo发生严重的点蚀,说明马氏体不锈钢在淡水中的应用应慎重。     

淡水驯化对桐花树幼苗叶片生长生理指标的影响

在全光照条件下用恒定淹水位淡水培养处理红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)幼苗1 a,以人工海水(0.8%盐水)处理为对照,研究了淡水驯化对桐花树幼苗叶片生长和叶绿素含量及硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明:两种处理下桐花树幼苗叶片的生长变化基本一致,随着生长时间的延长,叶片数持续增加,经方差分析,两种处理的幼苗叶片数没有显著的差异;在2008年10月与11月期间,淡水组幼苗叶片的最大叶面积显著大于人工海水组,但两种处理在其他月份并无显著差异,且两种处理的幼苗叶片长宽比没有显著差异;在360 d,淡水组幼苗叶片的鲜重和干重分别低于人工海水组的16.79%和19.01%,但两者没有达到显著差异;两种处理幼苗叶片的总叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,两种处理没有显著的差异。以上结果表明:淡水驯化对桐花树幼苗叶片的生长发育没有不利的影响,桐花树幼苗可以正常生长发育,表明桐花树对淡水环境具有较强的适应性。     

应用流式细胞仪监测太湖藻类初探

流式细胞仪在海水微型浮游生物监测领域应用较为广泛,但在淡水藻类定量研究以及生物监测中应用仍较少。探讨了应用便携式浮游植物流式细胞仪CytoSense监测太湖藻类的可行性和时效性。结果表明,为了提高检测结果的准确性,流式细胞仪的应用过程中最好是现场采样、现场分析。流式细胞仪对藻细胞密度的检测下限为100万个/L,大于100万个/L时检测结果与人工镜检结果相吻合;在悬浮物含量小于108 mg/L的水体中,流式细胞仪检测结果具备较高的准确性。另外,流式细胞仪操作简单、分析速度快、便携性好、无污染,在太湖藻类监测中具有一定应用前景。     

生命之水 国际行动十年

今年3月22日是第13个世界水日。联合国在第58届大会上确定今年世界水日的主题为“生命之水”。1993年1月18日,第47届联合国大会根据联合国环境与发展大会制定的《21世纪行动议程》中提出的建议,通过了第193号决议,并确定自1993年起,将每年的3月22日定为世界水日,旨在推动对水资     

环境日前话节水

淡水资源是人类和动植物赖以生存的自然资源 ,世界上可利用的淡水资源日趋减少。节约用水 ,保护环境已成为我们面前最迫切的任务。随着科学技术的发展 ,节水型用具的开发 ,必将被广泛应用与推广 ,以达到节约用水 ,保护环境的目的     

新技术革命与江苏淡水水体资源的综合开发战略

近几年来,海洋农牧化浪潮日渐崛起,淡水强化渔业与水体农业试验正积极推行。如同我们的祖先当初从天然采捕业逐步转向种养业一样,人类对水域的开发已进入定向利用时代。所不同的是,随着现代科学技术的进步,将促使这一进程迅猛异常。 江苏淡水资源达2,600×10⁴亩,相当于省内耕地面积的1/3,居全国首位。若能充分开发,对实现工农业产值翻两番必有重大影响。因此,必须充分重视和研究我省淡水水面资源的总体开发战略。     

水，“6·5”聚焦

迄今为止，地球是茫茫太空中惟一生机盎然、适宜我们人类生存的星球。正是地球丰富的水资源、温和的气候，提供了生命赖以生息、繁衍的环境，人类理应感谢大自然的创造与恩赐，应该备加呵护自己生于斯、长于斯的环境。然而，人类对地球做了些什么？温室效应、臭氧层破坏、水资源逐渐枯竭、化学毒品的污染、核能的滥用………我们不但继承了父辈的地球资