新加坡固体废物循环利用于填海造地技术的研究进展

近年来,经济快速发展使得包括新加坡在内的许多沿海国家和地区土地需求量增多,每年的填海规模不断增大,传统的砂石填料已无法满足需求.与此同时,城市固体废物也随着城市化发展而大量产生,其中以生活垃圾焚烧后残留的底渣、海洋淤泥以及建筑工程废土数量尤为庞大.针对世界各国（如丹麦、德国、荷兰等）对固体废物的处置和循环利用以及相关环境标准进行比较说明,并以此为基础介绍采用“化学物理复合法（CPCM）”将新加坡淤泥和垃圾焚烧底渣转化为“淤泥-底渣垃圾材料矩阵（MC-IBA Matrix）”来进行填海造地的“新生土”技术.对化学处理后的新加坡海洋淤泥和生活垃圾焚烧底渣混合物,采用室内三维真空预压和逐级堆载两种不同物理方法来进行加固处理,然后对生成的矩阵材料进行工程测试并依照欧盟与美国的标准进行重金属浸出试验.结果表明:生成的材料矩阵其地基允许承载力在4~6个月内可达15 t/m2,高于一般港口要求（8~12 t/m2）.与丹麦No.1662法令和LAGA德国道路工程材料质量标准比较,此材料的重金属浸出值符合其工程材料标准;与荷兰土壤质量法令中工业土壤质量标准相比,此材料符合工业用土标准.工程及环境试验结果均表明了“新生土”作为填海材料的可行性和优越性.从环保角度而言,“新生土”技术中潜在的重金属污染可控,又可缓解日益紧张的填埋场地;从工程角度来看,在较短时间内产生较高地基允许承载力,减少了传统高价砂石的使用,降低工程的时间和成本.因此,对土地有限的国家和地区来说,该绿色技术可解决缺少填埋场用地和填海材料的双重难题.      

河道淤泥气泡混合土动力特性试验研究

利用室内动三轴试验研究了河道淤泥气泡混合土(FMLSS)在动力荷载作用下的动力特性,探讨了围压、水泥掺入量、气泡含量和含水率对FMLSS的动剪切模量与阻尼比的影响。结果表明:FMLSS的动剪切模量随动剪应变的增大而减小,阻尼比随动剪应变的增大而增大。当动剪应变相同时,动剪切模量和阻尼比都随着围压的增大而增大;随着水泥掺入量增大,动剪切模量增大而阻尼比减小;动剪切模量随着气泡含量和含水率的增大而减小;阻尼比随着含水率的增加先减小后增大,受气泡含量的影响不显著。FMLSS的关系曲线呈平缓衰减型,阻尼比在0.01~0.03之间,体现出FMLSS是良好的弹性材料。     

淤泥EPS颗粒轻质土单向压缩下渐进性破坏研究

在疏浚淤泥中添加固化材料和轻质材料,将其转化为新型土工材料-轻质土,是疏浚淤泥资源化利用的有效方法之一。通过单轴压缩下宏观、细观力学试验,对疏浚淤泥EPS颗粒轻质土试样的变形特性及破坏机理进行了分析。试验结果表明,在荷载作用下,轻质土试样变形破坏具有明显的渐进性特征。渐进性破坏过程包括细观裂纹产生的线弹性变形阶段、细观裂纹稳定扩展的弹塑性变形阶段、细观裂纹整体贯通的破坏阶段。渐进性破坏产生的主要机理在于:一是在EPS颗粒与固化土结合面处局部存在的原生微裂纹;二是固化土胶结强度的逐渐丧失与固化土摩擦强度的逐渐发挥二者不同步。     

河湖疏浚淤泥的表征、絮凝和脱水

以无锡锡山湿地公园河道淤泥及太湖贡湖湾疏浚底泥为研究对象,对比分析了两种淤泥的矿物组成、粒径分布及泥微粒表面基团、ζ电位等理化特性。以聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物(polyacrylamide,PAM)为絮凝剂,对比分析了其在2种底泥絮凝分离、真空抽滤脱水过程中的作用特征,并对相关影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,两种淤泥样具有相近的主体矿物组分、有机基团及ζ电位值,但有机质含量稍高的淤泥样中大颗粒所占比例相对较高。相比阳离子型PAM,阴离子型PAM在较少用量下即可获得较大絮团,但上清液浊度较高。絮凝泥在抽滤过程受絮团尺寸影响较大, PAM不同类型基团间的差异对其影响较小,但对趋于平衡后的泥饼含水率略有影响。     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

Effect of carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge

Effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated.Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess to the PHB saturation of poly-P bacteria, residual COD carried over to anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Simultaneously, phosphate uptake continued until all nitrate was removed, following a slow endogenous release of phosphate. High nitrate concentration in anoxic phase increased the initial denitrffying phosphorus rate. Once the nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the denitrificaion and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.     

滤材的表面改性对淤泥脱水过程中渗透性能的影响

滤布是淤泥脱水过程中重要的过滤材料,实验选用5种滤布(3927、621、758、750A、750B)作为淤泥脱水过程中的过滤材料,探究了滤布种类对淤泥脱水过程中渗透性能的影响,并通过扫面电镜观察淤泥在不同滤布表面的附着情况,基于最佳滤布,引入织物平滑剂、毛毯柔软剂及氟表面活性剂等3种表面活性剂并采用自然干燥和烘箱烘干等2种不同干燥方式改性滤布,通过测定表面接触角表征改性后滤布表面亲疏水性能,并探究了不同表面活性剂种类及干燥方式所得改性滤布对淤泥脱水过程中渗透性能的影响,最后通过扫描电镜对比改性前后750B滤布负载过滤后淤泥颗粒附着情况。结果表明,滤布750B作为过滤材料时淤泥渗透性能最佳。对比6种改性方式所得改性750B滤布,采用氟表面活性剂改性并在烘箱中105℃烘2 h所得改性滤布在负载过滤实验中所得渗透系数及渗水量最大,渗透性能大幅提升。     

太湖淤泥和自来水厂污泥混合制砖研究

以太湖淤泥和自来水厂污泥为原料进行烧结砖的制备研究,干原料经混合加湿搅拌,制成4 cm×4cm×4cm的砖体试样,干燥后放入马弗炉中焙烧;测试了砖坯的含水率、干燥收缩,烧结砖的烧失量、烧成收缩、表观密度、吸水率和抗压强度,并利用XRD和SEM分别测试了烧结砖的矿物成分,和微观形貌特征。研究结果表明,减少淤泥含量导致砖的密度和抗压强度降低,烧失量、烧成收缩率和吸水率上升;淤泥掺量减少到60%,成型含水率为23%,经950℃高温煅烧后,所得砖体质量较好,强度满足MU10等级。