淤泥沉积物中有机碳的环境意义

该文讨论了广泛存在的沉积物"淤泥"中有机碳形态特征、环境指示功能和几种主要的环境效应。有机碳形态主要分为游离态和有机矿质结合态,根据不同的方法可细分为轻组、重组有机碳和颗粒有机碳等。天然沉积的淤泥中,总有机碳(TOC)、碳氮比(C/N)和有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)组成能够反映古气候、原始生产力水平与区域生物量变化等环境信息。不同地表水体和海洋淤泥沉积物中的有机碳因水动力条件和O2浓度的变化导致的分解矿化会引发水体富营养化和重金属等污染物释放等环境问题。最后,从淤泥沉积埋藏的角度提出在淤泥演化为黏土弱透水层的过程中有机碳参与的复杂水岩相互作用和沉积物颗粒团聚作用对地下水环境可能产生的影响,提供新的研究思路。     

堆载吹填淤泥并同步真空预压地基固结解析分析

针对软土地基堆载吹填淤泥并同步真空预压加固技术,考虑吹填淤泥的堆载作用在吹填时线性增长、在同步抽真空预压时指数形非线性衰减的变化过程,考虑地基附加应力沿深度的抛物线形非线性衰减变化、以及竖向排水体施工引起的涂抹效应,基于等应变假设,推导了软土地基在径竖向同时固结时任意点的超孔隙水压力和地基整体平均固结度的显式解析解答。运用该解答对某工程现场试验中软土地基的固结过程进行了计算,通过计算结果与实测结果的对比分析发现,采用所提出的解答,可以得到与实测固结度随时间变化趋势相一致的计算结果,验证了所提出的解答的适用性·同时也发现水平向渗透系数是决定计算结果准确性的关键参数。     

河道淤泥的有效利用方式及其物性探讨

对河道淤泥再生资源化利用的可能性及方式进行了探讨。在室内试验的基础上，评价了处理后的河道淤泥作为填上材料使用时的基本工程性质，为促进河道淤泥的再生资源化利用和保护环境提供了必要的依据。     

Optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology for bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum

The optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum was investigated using response surface methodology （RSM）. The three parameters namely temperature of 33℃, agitation of 150 r/min, and pH of 5 were chosen as center point from the previous study of fungal treatment. The experimental data on chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal （%） were fitted into a quadratic polynomial model using multiple regression analysis. The optimum process conditions were determined by analyzing response surface three-dimensional surface plot and contour plot and by solving the regression model equation with Design Expert software. Box-Behnken design technique under RSM was used to optimize their interactions, which showed that an incubation temperature of 32.5℃, agitation of 105 r/min, and pH of 5.5 were the best conditions. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted yield of COD removal was 98.43%. These optimum conditions were used to evaluate the trail experiment, and the maximum yield of COD removal was recorded as 98.5%.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land.A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi.The loamy soil was mixed with 0%,20%,40%,60% and 80%(by weight)of digested sewage sludge(SS)and composted sludge (SC).The additions of the both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions,resulting in that exchangeable(EXCH)and organic matter(OM) became predominance for Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion.There was more available amount for Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments.During the pot experiment,the concentration of Zn in EXCH,carbonate(CAR)and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments,so their bioavailability reduced.Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi.The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments.Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship toΔEXCH andΔCAR forms but also inΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures.Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted byΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time,which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

从武汉印染厂废水淤泥中分离出的趋磁细菌的生长与磁小体形成过程

对从武汉印染厂污泥中分离出的趋磁细菌YN-1,分别进行了5 d,10 d,20 d,25 d和30 d的纯培养与透射电镜的观察,并对30 d释放出的磁小体进行了能谱分析.结果表明:培养5 d的趋磁细菌,其体内的细胞质相对均匀,可见到铁质在细胞内输送的痕迹.随后细胞质变为不均匀,菌体内泡状物和磁小体增多;20 d后菌体膜出现自溶,可见磁小体从破裂的菌膜排出体外的现象,25 d后可见到具有鞭毛、细胞质分布均匀的“营养体”.培养30 d,菌膜基本自溶,除见有营养体外,残存大量的细胞膜碎片和磁小体,对它们的能谱分析显示,磁小体的主要无机成分为Fe.由此判断,25 d可能为该菌在培养条件下的趋磁细菌生长与磁小体形成周期.图3表1参15     

生物修复中的酶学技术研究与展望

随着对活性污泥工艺和废水除污技术的不断了解，开发不同的策略来研究这些污染物的降解已成为必要，其中酶技术越来越受到人们的关注。作者简单介绍了生物补救技术的研究现状及存在的一些问题，详细介绍了酶在生物除污、生物打浆、生物漂白、生物浸矿过程中的最新发展，并对该领域作了展望。     

Biosorption of cadmium(Ⅱ) and lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge

The removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solutions by using dried activated sludge has been investigated in batch systems. Effect of solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature were determined. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the uptake processes of the two metal ions（Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）） followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The equilibrium data fitted very well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The FT-IR analysis showed that the main mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） biosorption onto dried activated sludge was their binding with amide I group.     

江苏:全方位谋划 加强近岸海域污染防治

江苏沿海地区位于苏北沿海平原,黄海之滨,北起赣榆县绣针河口,南抵启东县长江口北岸,西至串场河、通榆公路以东一线,东至海滨滩涂,包括连云港、盐城、南通三市,海岸线长达954千米,领海面积3.2×104平方千米,国土面积3.25×104平方千米,约占全省国土面积的31.6%。2010年区域总人口1893.69万人,占江苏省的24.1%,城市化率52.7%。地区生产总值6834.95亿元,占江苏省的16.7%,人均地区生产总值36093元,相当于江苏省平均水平的69.4%,高出全国平均水平6415.29元。江苏沿海地区区位优势独特,土地后备资源丰富,自然条件复杂,近岸海区潮波系统和潮流特征特殊。发育有广阔的、典型的淤泥质潮滩,及举世瞩目的辐射状海底沙脊群,滩涂面积约占全国滩涂总面积的1/4,且仍在不断淤涨。该区     

香港维多利亚港疏浚淤泥对海洋底栖动物的毒性累积效应

为了评价香港维多利亚港疏浚淤泥对倾倒海区海洋底栖动物的影响,进行了两种底栖贝类和一种底栖甲壳类的生物毒性累积试验．结果表明,试验底牺贝类结蚶（Tegillarcanodifera）和缢蛏（Sinonovaculaconstricta）暴露在试验淤泥中240h和480h后,随暴露时间的延长,累积率增大．暴露240h后,结蚶对Cu、Cd、Hg、油类和Zn的累积率分别为9％、20％、97％、188％和265％,其中对Zn、Hg和油类累积效应明显．缢蛏则主要累积Hg和油类,对Cu和Pb的累积作用相对较弱,而对Zn无明显累积作用．暴露240h后,缢蛏对Pb、Cu、Hg和油类的累积率分别为0％、10％、60％和76％;暴露480h后,继蛏对Hg和油类的累积率分别增大到155％和171％,同时对Pb累积率也达到53％,而对Cu的累积效应增大不明显,累积率仅为15％．试验底栖甲壳类远海梭子蟹（Portunuspelagicus）则主要富集淤泥中的Zn、Pb和油类,其累积率分别为40％、100％和205％,对Cu、Cd和Hg累积效应不明显．