生物修复中的酶学技术研究与展望

随着对活性污泥工艺和废水除污技术的不断了解，开发不同的策略来研究这些污染物的降解已成为必要，其中酶技术越来越受到人们的关注。作者简单介绍了生物补救技术的研究现状及存在的一些问题，详细介绍了酶在生物除污、生物打浆、生物漂白、生物浸矿过程中的最新发展，并对该领域作了展望。     

疏浚淤泥的固化处理技术与资源化利用

阐述了疏浚淤泥的工程特性及其资源化利用的可行途径,着重介绍了目前国内外常用的淤泥固化处理方法(即物理脱水固结、高温烧结和化学固化)及各自存在的优缺点和在工程中的具体应用,并提出应因地制宜地采取经济、合理的固化处理与资源化利用技术处置疏浚淤泥的有效途径。     

南京新近沉积淤泥质土震陷特性试验研究

震陷是地基基础的主要震害之一。目前已建立了若干经验公式来估算土的永久应变势,但是已有的经验公式参数较多,需要做大量的试验才能确定这些参数。本文通过英国WFI振动三轴仪对南京新近沉积淤泥质土做了一系列的震陷试验,得到了不同围压、固结比和轴向动应力下的试验结果。分析发现,对不同围压和固结比,基于最大往返剪切作用面的概念,在双对数坐标系中轴向动应力与循环振动次数的关系可通过最大往返剪切作用面上的动剪应力比实现归一化,即仅做一个围压和固结比的试验即可得到土的全部震陷参数;结合前人提出的永久应变势经验公式,推出计算南京新近沉积淤泥质土的简化经验公式,其结果能较好地模拟土的震陷特性,在永久应变达到4%时,该土的永久应变急剧增长。     

上海南汇淤泥质潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃

运用GC/MS对上海南汇淤泥质潮滩夏秋两个季节表层沉积物中的有机污染物多环芳烃作定性和定量分析。结果表明,该区多环芳烃总浓度最高达0.829μg/g;个别组分已超出检测限达3～7倍,它们在秋季潮滩以及夏季中潮滩其浓度值及在PAHs总量中所占的百分比比重较大,已成为PAHs有机污染物高浓度区。     

堆载吹填淤泥并同步真空预压地基固结解析分析

针对软土地基堆载吹填淤泥并同步真空预压加固技术,考虑吹填淤泥的堆载作用在吹填时线性增长、在同步抽真空预压时指数形非线性衰减的变化过程,考虑地基附加应力沿深度的抛物线形非线性衰减变化、以及竖向排水体施工引起的涂抹效应,基于等应变假设,推导了软土地基在径竖向同时固结时任意点的超孔隙水压力和地基整体平均固结度的显式解析解答。运用该解答对某工程现场试验中软土地基的固结过程进行了计算,通过计算结果与实测结果的对比分析发现,采用所提出的解答,可以得到与实测固结度随时间变化趋势相一致的计算结果,验证了所提出的解答的适用性·同时也发现水平向渗透系数是决定计算结果准确性的关键参数。     

河道淤泥的有效利用方式及其物性探讨

对河道淤泥再生资源化利用的可能性及方式进行了探讨。在室内试验的基础上，评价了处理后的河道淤泥作为填上材料使用时的基本工程性质，为促进河道淤泥的再生资源化利用和保护环境提供了必要的依据。     

改性β-半水磷石膏固化含铅淤泥的性能及机理

采用改性β-半水磷石膏(MPG)(组成(w):50％ β-半水磷石膏、23％矿渣、15％磷渣、10％熟料和2％生石灰)对含铅淤泥进行固化稳定化.实验结果表明:MPG固化材料对含铅淤泥固化效果显著,养护28 d后MPG固化体的无侧限抗压强度比水泥固化体提高了73.59％,pH降低了18.24％;MPG固化体的含水率比未固...     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.     

成都市河道表层沉积物(淤泥)铅污染特征

文章分析了成都市河道(沙河、府河、南河)表层沉积物淤泥铅含量特及铅同位素丰度比的测定数据,结果表明铅含量变化范围是21.1~279 mg/kg,平均值为65.3 mg/kg,中值55.2 mg/kg,统计标准差65.03,变异系数为0.996,说明河道表层沉积物含量变化大。端元物质的铅同位素组成特征是燃煤的放射成因铅高于燃油,可以示踪和鉴别成都市环境铅的污染来源。三河淤泥铅同位素组成均大多落在崔家店热电厂降尘和华能热电厂燃煤飞灰的范围,沙河、府河有少数几个样品点落在燃煤铅(崔家店热电厂燃煤降尘)和柴油铅之间,其铅的来源可能是两者的混合。     

Purification of total DNA extracted from activated sludge

Purification of the total DNA extracted from activated sludge samples was studied. The effects of extraction buffers and lysis treatments (lysozyme, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sonication, mechanical mill and thermal shock) on yield and purity of the total DNA extracted from activated sludge were investigated. It was found that SDS and mechanical mill were the most effective ways for cell lysis, and both gave the highest DNA yields, while by SDS and thermal shock, the purest DNA extract could be obtained. The combination of SDS with other lysis treatment, such as sonication and thermal shock, could apparently increase the DNA yields but also result in severe shearing. For the purification of the crude DNA extract, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone was used for the removal of humic contaminants. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, potassium acetate and phenol/chloroform were used to remove proteins and polysaccharides from crude DNA. Crude DNA was further purified by isopropanol precipitation. Thus, a suitable protocol was proposed for DNA extraction, yielding about 49.9 mg (total DNA)/g volatile suspended solids, and the DNA extracts were successfully used in PCR amplifications for 16S rDNA and 16S rDNA V3 region. The PCR products of 16S rDNA V3 region allowed the DGGE analysis (denatured gradient gel electrophoresis) to be possible.