生活垃圾堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学研究

为了改善堆肥微环境 ,提高生活垃圾堆肥速率 ,研究堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学是非常必要的。通过控制堆肥工艺条件 ,如初始温度、含水率、C/N比及堆料颗粒大小 ,研究生活垃圾堆肥过程中生物、化学及物理因素的变化。试验结果表明 ,生活垃圾堆肥反应符合一级反应动力学 ;合理控制堆肥初始反应条件 ,能明显提高堆肥效率。     

污泥的粘度与浓度、温度三者关系式的实验推导

通过融合污泥粘度与污泥浓度关系式、污泥粘度与温度关系式,得到一个新的关系式:污泥粘度与污泥浓度、温度的关系式,并通过实验数据拟合出各项参数,拟合效果比较理想.得出的污泥粘度与污泥浓度、温度的关系式对了解污泥的粘度变化非常有帮助,同时,该关系式也将为污泥处理、处置方案的制定提供参考依据.     

典型进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性及其影响因素

为了解我国进口再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性,以某检测机构的5种再生塑料颗粒PP、PE、PS、PET和ABS为研究对象,研究不同温度、不同接触时间和不同模拟液等条件下,再生塑料颗粒中重金属溶出特性。结果表明,在25、40、70 ℃这3种温度下,PP、PE、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒中重金属铬、铅、锰、镉、汞和铜的溶出量随着温度的升高而增加,PS中重金属浓度随温度升高变化不大;随着接触时间的增长,样品中的6种重金属Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、Hg溶出量增长趋势由快至慢,5种再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cr的溶出浓度最高;PE、PS、PET和ABS再生塑料颗粒在4种模拟液中重金属溶出量大小整体呈现出：50%乙酸>3%乙酸>10%乙醇>95%乙醇,但PP再生塑料颗粒中重金属Cu在3%乙酸中的溶出量比10%乙醇中的多。本研究结果可为建立塑料接触材料及制品中重金属溶出量的标准方法提供依据。     

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China

World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM^ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over l l-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen‘s urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu lsland. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future.     

Responses of chlorophyll fluorescence and nitrogen level of Leymus chinensis seedling to changes of soil moisture and temperature

Controlled experiment of Leymus chinensis seedlings grown in the environmental growth chambers at 3 soil moisture levels and 3 temperature levels was conducted in order to improve the understanding how leaf photosynthetic parameters will respond to climatic change. The results indicated that soil drought and high temperature decreased the photochemical efficiency of photosystem ( Fw/Fm ), the overall photochemical quantum yield of PSIl(yield), the coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching(qp), but increased the coefficient of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching( q, ). Severe soil drought would decrease Fv/Fm and yield by 3.12% and 37.04% under 26% condition, respectively, and 6.60% and 73.33% under 32% condition, respectively,suggesting that higher temperature may enhance the negative effects of soil drought. All the soil drought treatments resulted in the decline in leaf nitrogen content. There was no significant effect of temperature on leaf nitrogen level,but higher temperature significantly reduced the root nitrogen content and the ratio of root nitrogen to leaf nitrogen,indicating the different strategies of adaptation to soil drought and temperature. It was also implied that higher temperature would enhance the effect of soil drought on leaf photosynthetic capacity, decrease the adaptability of Leymus chinensis to drought.     

欧洲“绿色”采暖系统

2004年3月11日,应阿里斯顿、百得、贝雷塔、博世、布得鲁斯、沙福都莫瑞、德地氏、德美拉得、福丽凯、赫尔曼等欧洲公司的要求,北京建筑工程学院中法能源培训中心组织了主题为“欧洲燃气采暖系统”的记者招待会,专家们对燃气采暖系统进行了详细的介绍。     

初始碱度和温度对养猪废水厌氧发酵过程的影响特征

采用序批式实验研究了不同初始碱度(3503,5500,7500 mg/L,以CaCO₃计)和温度(20℃、35℃和50℃)下养猪废水的厌氧发酵过程,考察其对发酵液pH、挥发性脂肪酸、产气量、沼液养分、重金属含量、抗生素和抗性基因的影响特征。结果表明：初始碱度调控会延缓水解酸化阶段的启动,强化产酸过程,提高总产酸量;高碱度对发酵液pH的维持能力最高;初始碱度调控适用于以产酸为目的的中温(35℃)和高温(50℃)厌氧发酵。35℃和50℃有利于沼液中养分的释放,50℃时养分浓度最高,为(1365.14±124.38)～(1471.71±135.29)mg/L。50℃厌氧发酵更有利于沼液中水溶态重金属(Cu、Zn)的削减,消减比例分别为(81.53±9.51)～(86.04±7.72)%和(96.48±8.73)～(97.81±10.29)%。厌氧发酵对沼液中抗生素(土霉素和诺氟沙星)具有削减作用,50℃时的削减比例最高,比20℃和35℃分别高(14.61±1.39)～(56.26±5.24)%和(23.83±3.21)～(85.84±17.35)%。50℃和适量初始碱度...     

疏水改性分子筛在高湿度环境下对甲苯的吸附性能

工程实践中Y分子筛在高湿度环境下吸附性能大幅降低,通过聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)预处理后进行mesoSiO₂壳层生长得到Y@mesoSiO₂,将聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)通过化学气相沉积法接枝到Y@mesoSiO₂壳层上,可获得疏水特性优异的Y@mesoSiO₂-S核壳分子筛。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS和比表面积及孔径分析仪对改性前后Y分子筛形貌和结构进行分析,通过静态和动态吸附实验评价其对水和甲苯的吸附性能。结果表明：mesoSiO₂壳相在核相Y分子筛外表面成功生长,并将PDMS成功接枝在Y@mesoSiO₂壳层后,Y@mesoSiO₂-S的BET比表面积相比Y分子筛增加了2%;静态水蒸气吸附量从298 mg/g降至79 mg/g,动态水蒸气吸附量从245 mg/g降至76 mg/g,材料表面与水接触角得到显著提升。在RH80%时,Y@mesoSiO₂-S和Y分子筛对甲苯的饱和吸附量分别为167...     

跨音速风扇叶片高低转速下混合相积冰的对比研究

目的 获得跨音速风扇转子叶片高、低转速下混合相积冰的影响规律。方法 使用CFX获取风扇叶片空气流场数据,采用FENSAP-ICE获取积冰冰形,通过过冷水滴与冰晶温度、撞击叶片角度等进行混合相积冰高、低转速冰形分析。结果 风扇叶片高、低转速运转时,过冷水滴与冰晶的运动状态变化相对明显。高转速时,流场内的气流为跨音速流动,过冷水滴与冰晶撞击角度相差较大,撞击角度较大的叶根区域更容易收集过冷水滴与冰晶;低转速时,过冷水滴和冰晶与叶片的撞击角度大部分区域低于10°,使过冷水滴与冰晶碰撞到叶片后的捕获难度提升。风扇叶片高、低转速运转时,叶身的温度差异使过冷水滴在低转速下易直接凝结,未凝结的水膜量极少,而冰晶表面未形成水膜,不易被捕获,使得最终的积冰主要为过冷水滴积冰。结论 风扇叶片混合相积冰在高转速时,流道内温度升高更快,水膜不易凝结,冰晶表面易融化,促进了冰晶积冰。