Arsenic fractionation and contamination assessment in sediments of thirteen lakes from the East Plain and Yungui Plateau Ecoregions, China

Arsenic（As） fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest ＂low to moderate＂ risk degree and ＂unpolluted to moderately polluted＂ for As in the studied lake sediments.     

人工神经网络在高原湖泊水质评价中的应用

本文应用人工神经网络方法，建立了高源湖泊水质ＢＰ神经网络模型，对湖泊水质进行综合评价，通过实例检查结果表明，ＢＰ神经网络方法能准确反映水体污染程度，具有较强处理相互矛盾影响样本的能力，方法可行，结果客观合理。     

北京市典型湖泊中对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物污染特征

通过在冬季和春季分别采集北京市某典型湖泊11个点位的湖水样品,采用固相萃取-液相色谱-三重四极杆串接质谱法测定样品中14种对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物（PBs）,进而对该湖泊PBs的污染水平和分布特征进行分析。结果表明：湖水中共检出10种PBs,其中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MeP）和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PrP）浓度较高,分别为24.8、44.8 ng/L;同一采样点检出的PBs浓度随季节性变化而变化,与冬季相比,氯代对羟基苯甲酸酯（氯代-PBs）在春季浓度偏低,冬季靠近污水处理厂排污口水样中,氯代-PBs浓度高于其他采样点;外来污水是湖水中PBs的主要来源,春季电厂排水口MeP浓度（24.8 ng/L）高于冬季（1.30ng/L）。调查结果显示,该湖泊中PBs种类和浓度水平与其他国家地表水相比,属中等浓度水平,湖泊中PBs主要来源于周边污水排放,不同季节PBs浓度变化较大。     

改善湖泊水环境的调水与生物修复结合途径探索

分析了生物修复和引清调水措施在改善湖泊水环境的优点和不足,指出单独采用其中一种方法,在解决湖泊污染问题上都存在一定的局限性,而将二者结合起来既能充分发挥各自的优点,又能加快湖泊生态恢复的步伐.在此基础上,对二者结合途径进行探索.以汉阳四湖为例,引清调水与生物修复可以通过3种主要途径结合: 短期引清调水与长期生物修复相结合,局部生物修复与大区域调水置换结合,水力调度调控与湖泊生物恢复结合.     

淀山湖着生藻类群落结构与数量特征

在１９９３～１９９７－０６间对淀山湖５种沉水植物及人工基质上的着生藻类群落进行了研究。结果表明,沉水植物上着生藻类群落由３７属３９种藻类组成,其中硅藻门１３属１３种,绿藻门１２属１３种,蓝藻门６属７种。５种沉水植物上着生藻类群落密度和生物量,均以黑藻最高,金鱼藻次之,菹草居第３,人工基质（塑料板）介于金鱼藻和菹草之间;并于冬季达全年最高峰,夏季为全年最低。着生藻类生长与沉水植物生长间呈负相关,并限     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征

研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊1 1个沉积物对磷的吸附等温线及其吸附动力学,并分析了沉积物理化特征对磷吸附特征的影响,研究发现:①沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要在前1 0h内完成,在0.5h内吸附反应十分迅速,并逐渐达到吸附平衡;②沉积物本底吸附态磷与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮显著正相关;对磷酸盐的最大吸附量与其CEC和无机磷、有机质和总磷呈显著负相关;而总最大吸附磷量与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮含量呈显著正相关;③就目前长江中下游浅水湖泊的水质而言,其沉积物存在解析;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附 解吸平衡浓度与其有机质,CEC ,总氮,总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系.本研究条件下,即使是污染较为严重的湖泊,其沉积物也具有向上覆水体释磷酸盐的趋势.     

热改性凹土钝化底泥对水体磷的吸附特征研究

基于前期选择的廉价热处理富钙凹土为依据,通过向底泥中添加不同比例的热处理富钙凹土,研究材料添加后底泥对磷的吸附及对底泥磷的转化特征.结果表明,添加材料后会显著增强底泥对磷的固持能力和吸附速率,其中5%~20%的材料添加会增加底泥的磷最大吸附量1.5~2.0倍,吸附速率增加1.7~3.7倍.材料添加后的底泥具有较强的抗干扰能力,其中pH值、NO₃^-以及HCO₃^-对磷吸附的干扰作用明显减弱,而SO₄^2-和SiO₃^2-依然会对添加材料底泥产生较大的影响.磷形态分析表明,材料添加可以将可移动磷转化为Al-P和Ca-P,增加了底泥中惰性磷的比例,由此会显著降低底泥磷向上覆水体的释放.以上研究结果表明,热处理富钙凹土是湖泊富营养化控制的一种有效材料,可以用于底泥磷释放的控制.     

高铁酸盐预氧化对藻类细胞的破坏作用及其助凝机理

利用电子显微镜和紫外分光光度计检测发现，高铁酸盐对水中藻类细胞的表面结构有很大影响，坡坏了细胞的表面鞘套，高铁酸盐的氧化作用导致的藻类细胞的鞘套破裂使其向水中释放出胞内物质，这些生物高聚物能够在混凝过程中起到助凝剂的作用，高铁酸盐分解后产生的氢氧化铁胶体沉淀在灌类细胞的表面，也降低了藻类细胞的稳定性。     

A 50-year record of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes and hexachloro-cyclohexanes in lake sediments and penguin droppings on King George Island, Maritime Antarctic

Since the ban on the use of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane （DDT） and hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） in agriculture, their levels have generally dropped. In a number of cases, however, the levels of these OCPs were found to be unchanging or even increasing after the ban. With the aim to unveil the possible causes of these exceptions, we collected two lake cores from King George Island, West Antarctica, and determined their accumulation flux profiles and temporal trends of these OCPs. In the lake core sediments with glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows an abnormal peak around 1980s in addition to the expected one in 1960s. In the lake core sediments without glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows a gradual decline trend after the peak in 1960s. This striking difference in the DDT flux profiles between the two lake cores is most likely caused by the regional climate warming and the resulted discharge of the DDT stored in the Antarctic ice cap into the lakes in the Antarctic glacier frontier. Furthermore, to investigate the change of OCPs loadings in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, we reconstructed the HCH and DDT concentration profiles in penguin droppings and observed a gradual increase for the former and a continuous decrease for the latter during the past 50 years. The increase of HCH seems to be due to the regional warming from the early 1970s and the resulted HCH discharge to the coastal ecosystem by glaciers＇ meltwater and the illegal use of HCH in the Southern Hemisphere in the recent decade. The different temporal trends of HCH and DDT accumulation rate in the lake core with glacier meltwater input and the aged penguin droppings can be explained by their different water-soluble property.     

中国湖泊水环境基准的研究进展

中国湖泊污染形势严峻、生态健康效应复杂,亟需适合中国区域特点的水环境基准作为加强污染控制、治理和管理的理论依据,但目前我国湖泊水环境基准的系统研究尚未开展,本文从水环境基准的意义、概念、研究历史、现状和发展趋势等几个方面对中国湖泊水环境基准研究进行了剖析回顾和展望:首先阐述了开展区域性水环境基准研究的迫切性和科学意义,揭示了"科学确定基准"的内涵;然后详细回顾了国内外湖泊水环境基准的研究历史、现状及存在的关键问题,提出了湖泊水环境基准的"三性"原则(科学性、基础性和区域性),指出环境暴露、效应识别和风险评估是基准研究的三个关键环节;最后提出中国湖泊水环境基准的研究方向和发展趋势,本文强调:阐明中国水环境的演变规律和特征,需要开展水环境污染过程和生态毒理效应研究;建立具有我国区域特点的湖泊水环境基准理论、技术和方法体系是面向国际科学前沿和解决中国环境管理重大科技需求的重要任务,它既可推动中国毒理学、生物学、生态学及环境与生物地球化学等学科的发展,又可为湖泊流域的环境管理和污染防治提供技术支撑,整体提升我国环境保护科学研究的水平和国际地位.