垦殖对湿地土壤有机碳垂直分布及可溶性有机碳截留的影响

通过测定和计算兴凯湖地区沼泽湿地及由其垦殖而来的旱田和水田土壤剖面有机碳含量和密度及土壤剖面不同深度土壤溶液中可溶性有机碳含量,分析了垦殖对兴凯湖周边沼泽湿地土壤有机碳垂直分布及土壤剖面截留可溶性有机碳的影响.结果表明,垦殖显著影响湿地0～40 cm土壤有机碳含量,大豆田和水稻田0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40 cm土壤有机碳含量与湿地相比分别降低了79.07%和82.01%、79.01%和82.28%、79.86%和92.90%、37.49%和78.05%;40 cm以下土层土壤有机碳含量垦殖前后差异不显著.大豆田和水稻田有机碳密度相比沼泽湿地分别降低了25.50%和47.35%,但三者1 m深土壤中大部分的有机碳均是储存在0～50 cm土层中.垦殖前后土壤有机碳含量与深度之间的关系均可用指数函数来描述,垦殖改变了土壤有机碳含量但并未改变其随土壤深度的变化规律.垦殖为大豆田土壤剖面对可溶性有机碳的截留效果较湿地和水稻田更明显,沼泽湿地和水稻田对可溶性有机碳的截留效果大致相当.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter character on mercury incorporation by planktonic organisms：An experimental study using oligotrophic water from Patagonian lakes

Ligands present in dissolved organic matter （DOM） form complexes with inorganic divalent mercury （Hg^2＋） affecting its bioavailability in pelagic food webs. This investigation addresses the influence of a natural gradient of DOM present in Patagonian lakes on the bioaccumulation of Hg^2＋ （the prevailing mercury species in the water column of these lakes） by the algae Cryptomonas erosa and the zooplankters Brachionus calyciflorus and Boeckella antiqua. Hg^2＋ accumulation was studied through laboratory experiments using natural water of four oligotrophic Patagonian lakes amended with^197Hg^2＋. The bioavailability of Hg^2＋ was affected by the concentration and character of DOM. The entrance of Hg^2＋ into pelagic food webs occurs mostly through passive and active accumulation. The incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Cryptomonas, up to 27% of the Hg^2＋ amended, was found to be rapid and dominated by passive adsorption, and was greatest when low molecular weight compounds with protein-like or small phenolic signatures prevailed in the DOM. Conversely, high molecular weight compounds with a humic or fulvic signature kept Hg^2＋ in the dissolved phase, resulting in the lowest Hg^2＋ accumulation in this algae. In Brachionus and Boeckella the direct incorporation of Hg from the aqueous phase was up to 3% of the Hg^2＋ amended. The dietary incorporation of Hg^2＋ by Boeckella exceeded the direct absorption of this metal in natural water, and was remarkably similar to the Hg^2＋ adsorbed in their prey. Overall, DOM concentration and character affected the adsorption of Hg^2＋ by algae through competitive binding, while the incorporation of Hg^2＋ into the zooplankton was dominated by trophic or dietary transfer.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

中国绿色碳汇基金会

中国绿色碳汇基金会,由中石油和嘉汉林业等企业倡议建立,前身是2007年成立的“中国绿色碳基金”。成立迄今,该基金先后得到中石油、国电集团等数十家企业的捐款,在全国十多个省区营造了100多万亩碳汇林。     

钢渣湿法捕获CO_2反应机制研究

以炼钢过程中排放的固体废弃物钢渣为碳捕获剂,进行了钢渣湿法捕获烟气CO2工艺的实验研究。通过分析钢渣的组成成份及反应机理,研究液固比、反应温度、反应时间、pH值及反应产物等主要参数对钢渣湿法碳捕获状况的影响。实验证明,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法碳捕获效率达60%以上,具有一定的应用价值。     

不同来源生物黑炭特性对比及其在农业环保中的应用

生物黑炭是生物有机体转化的稳定性碳物质,作为土壤添加剂近年来在土壤改良、温室气体减排以及受污染环境修复等方面具有广阔的应用前景。虽然近年国际上对生物黑炭的农业应用研究进展很快,但关于不同来源生物黑炭理化性质的调控及其在农业环境保护方面的应用研究还不够深入,未达成统一认识。而我国在该领域的研究才刚刚起步。为推动我国生物黑炭农业应用技术的开展,文章从生物黑炭的来源、不同生物炭理化特性的对比,及其在农业环境保护中的应用等方面进行了综述与探讨,并对生物黑炭的开发和利用存在的潜在问题和今后的研究热点进行了简要的展望,以期为我国发展低碳农业和循环农业提供依据和参考。     

废LCD面板有机材料资源化及无害化研究进展

文章在对废液晶显示面板有机材料的组成及其环境风险进行分析的基础上,对其去除、资源化及无害化技术进行了综述,分析了现有处理处置技术的优缺点,并对今后废LCD显示面板有机材料资源化及无害化技术开发提出了建议。     

深圳率先启动碳排放权交易

碳排放权交易,是指通过设计碳排放总量,明确参与企业、行业范围,对碳排放权指标进行“配额”分配的交易方式,从而达到节能减排、控制温室气体的目标。深圳是全国首批七个碳排放权交易试点省市之一。作为我国第一个正式运行的强制碳交易市场,6月18日首日共完成8笔交易,成交21112吨配额,最低成交价为每吨28元,最高成交价为每吨32元。目前,深圳已将635家工业企业纳入碳交易市场中。按计划目标,在2013—2015年,这635家单位获得配额总量合计约1亿吨,到2015年这些企业平均碳强度比2010年下降32％。     

六种有机物在亚/超临界水中氧化的反应动力学研究

为了给超临界水氧化设备工业化应用提供指导思路,本文设计制作了一套连续化的超临界水氧化仿工业化装置(压力为24MPa,H2O2过氧量倍数为3倍),选取甲基红、靛红、苯磺酸、对氨基苯磺酸、对二甲氨基苯甲醛、2,4-二硝基苯肼6种芳香烃化合物进行了从亚临界过渡到超临界状态下的水氧化试验,并以总有机碳(TOC)为表征研究了6种化合物的去除效果,以幂指数方程描述了6种化合物从亚临界到超临界的反应动力学参数。结果表明:6种有机物在亚临界至超临界点时间段内,反应物TOC的浓度随时间的变化呈现良好的线性下降趋势,且在亚临界状态下,足够的反应停留时间就能取得较好的TOC去除效果,而在超临界状态下,反应过程十分迅速,在较短的反应时间内也会取得较好的TOC去除效果,但随着反应时间的增加,在几分钟之内,TOC的去除率随时间的变化还是较为明显;6种有机物的反应活化能介于26.2～54.341kJ/mol之间,表明不同结构化合物SCWO反应的温度升高效应不同。     

Fenton氧化法处理有机污染物的降解规律探讨

为了预测新生或缺乏试验数据的含有机污染物废水的治理效果,本文通过试验对Fenton氧化法降解芳烃类、卤代物、杂环类等28种有机污染物的规律进行了研究。结果表明:在Fenton反应初始阶段,氧化反应剧烈,反应过程基本符合一级动力学方程,但随着时间的延长,反应趋于平缓;28种有机污染物色度平均去除率(Rcolor)为80.8±30.3%,TOC平均去除率(RTOC)为39.8±30.3%,约为色度平均去除率的0.44倍;以色度为表征的一级反应动力学常数(Kcolor)均大于对应的以TOC为表征的一级反应动力学常数(KTOC),且色度去除效率更高;Fenton氧化法对不同有机污染物的去除效果有显著差异,分子结构对称性强、水溶性较差的有机污染物如偶氮苯、蒽醌等的降解效果相对较差,而苯酚、苯胺等水溶性较好的有机污染物的降解效果相对较好,表明水溶性是影响有机污染物降解效果的重要因素。