氯消毒对再生水可同化有机碳的影响

考察了再生水氯消毒过程中的氯消耗特性及水质特性的变化,发现加氯后5 min,氯消耗速率最大,同时254 nm的紫外吸光度和三维荧光强度的变化最为显著.发现再生水消毒后生物可同化有机碳(AOC)浓度显著增加,说明消毒后水质生物稳定性变差.AOC变化趋势呈现为先增长后降低的趋势,对于不同处理工艺再生水,二级出水的AOC水平普遍高于深度处理出水,但深度出水消毒5 min后AOC的增长率却高于二级出水消毒后的增长率.进一步研究发现,再生水水样消毒后的AOC变化量与三维荧光积分值变化量之间有一定的正相关关系.     

桂江主要离子及溶解无机碳的生物地球化学过程

河流水体的化学组成记录了流域内各种自然过程与人类活动的信息.对西江一级支流桂江化学径流的分析结果表明,桂江水体的离子组成主要受碳酸盐岩化学风化过程的控制,CO2是这一过程的主要侵蚀介质;H2SO4对碳酸盐岩的风化影响桂江河水的化学组成.大气沉降、人类活动、碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩化学风化对桂江水体贡献的溶解物质分别占总溶解物质的2.7%、6.3%、72.8%和18.2%.河流溶解无机碳(DIC)的稳定同位素组成(δ13CDIC)揭示桂江河水中的DIC明显被浮游植物的光合作用所利用.浮游植物初级生产力对桂江颗粒有机碳(POC)的贡献达22.3%~30.9%,这表明岩石风化来源的DIC经浮游植物的光合作用转化为有机碳,并在迁移过程中部分沉积水体底部,进而形成埋藏有机碳.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

恶臭假单胞菌好氧降解高氯联苯的蛋白质组分析

利用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离恶臭假单胞菌以葡萄糖和Aroclor1260作为营养基质生长的菌株总蛋白,凝胶经银蓝显色后,采用PDQuest图像分析软件比较、分析识别差异表达蛋白,应用MOLDI-TOF-MS得到相应的肽质量指纹图谱,然后搜索数据库鉴定部分差异蛋白点.结果表明,获得了分辨率较高、重复性较好的不同营养基质条件下菌株蛋白的双向凝胶电泳图谱,比较分析共发现80个差异蛋白点,成功鉴定14个差异表达蛋白,包括应激应答蛋白、蛋白质生物合成、运载体和代谢相关酶类.提示与葡萄糖作为生长基质相比,菌体以多氯联苯作为碳源和能源生长时,产生应激,通过增强应激响应蛋白、蛋白质生物合成相关蛋白和相关代谢酶类的表达使细胞在胁迫条件下维持自身的稳定性与生长代谢.     

氯碱生产含氯废水的回收利用

氯碱生产中含氯废水对环境的污染，主要是氯气的泄漏及含氯废水的排放。虽然目前不少氯碱厂都采用加热脱氯或与热氯气交换吹出法脱氯，氯的脱除率一般只有70％左右，这样的含氯废水直接排入江河之中仍将直接污染水体，并危及生态平衡。如果把所有含氯废水集中起来，中和盐水中的过量碱，会取得一举两得的效果。     

保护臭氧层谈判中的美欧博弈

臭氧层损耗是重要的全球环境问题之一。最早认识到臭氧层危害的美国率先在国内立法控制相关物质,然而另一大经济体——欧共体,在这一方面却行动迟缓。在保护臭氧层的国际谈判中,美欧之间相互妥协,最终达成了对氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)进行限控的《蒙特利尔议定书》。美欧之间的分歧来自国内化工业巨头的影响,国际经济变动影响外交决策。国际环境问题背后隐藏的经济关系与大国的领导作用是影响国际环境合作的主要因素。     

离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐对斜生栅藻的毒性效应

按照毒性试验标准方法研究了不同浓度离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([BMIM]Cl)对斜生栅藻的影响,测定了半数抑制浓度(IC50)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及藻细胞通透性的变化,观察了80mg/L[BMIM]Cl处理96h对藻细胞的影响.结果表明:[BMIM]Cl对斜生栅藻生长具有抑制作用,随着浓度的增大抑制率增加,叶绿素含量下降, 48h IC50、72h IC50和96h IC50分别为103.77、76.44和68.49mg/L.藻细胞对[BMIM]Cl有一定的氧化应激反应,CAT和SOD活性随[BMIM]Cl浓度升高而降低.[BMIM]Cl对藻细胞的细胞膜有一定程度的破坏作用,藻细胞通透性随浓度升高而增大,同时藻细胞的超微结构受到了[BMIM]Cl的影响,造成质壁分离,叶绿体片层断裂,线粒体嵴数量减少.     

重金属在灰尘及其水溶解相中的分布特征及其影响因素——以南昌市为例

以南昌市为例,分析了不同功能区和公交车站降尘及其水溶解相中重金属浓度的空间分布特征.同时结合多种分析技术,探究降尘及其水溶解相理化性质对降尘重金属在固-液相中分配行为的影响.结果表明:南昌市降尘及其水溶解相中总重金属浓度范围分别为310~4393μg/g和2.17~55.62μg/g.两相中重金属的空间分布可能受到车流量较大的交通干线和汽车轮胎零件磨损的影响,其高值区主要分布于南昌县政府、部分高校以及客运站、驾校附近.风险评价的结果表明,南昌市降尘重金属综合生态风险总体处于中等水平,且Cr和As具有一定的致癌风险.溶解态中重金属所占百分比(K值)的排序为:Ni>Mn>Cu>As>Cr>Zn>Pb,K值的空间分布高值区多分布于人口密集地区、交通道路以及汽车客运站附近.大部分降尘及其水溶解相的理化性质与Pb、As、Mn具有显著正相关关系,降尘溶解相中较高的溶解性有机碳和腐殖化程度对重金属向溶解相中的释放具有重要作用.     

黄河口及邻近海域溶解态无机磷、有机磷、总磷的分布研究

于2003年8月下旬对黄河口及邻近海域进行了十船连续同步27h采样调查,分析了调查区域的溶解态无机磷、有机磷、总磷的平面分布、断面分布、时间分布特征.结果表明,在调查区域内,溶解态无机磷浓度很低,而溶解态有机磷浓度较高(占溶解态总磷的85%以上),是溶解态总磷的主要组成部分.各形态磷的平面分布、断面分布均呈现出由河口向邻近海域降低的趋势,溶解态总磷、溶解态有机磷梯度变化较溶解态无机磷更为明显;潮汐对河口浅水区的各形态磷浓度影响较大,对邻近调查海域的影响不明显.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.