零价铁还原地下水中对氯硝基苯的研究

采用间歇试验考察零价铁去除对氯硝基苯的效果,研究初始pH值、零价铁粒径、零价铁投加量和氧对反应过程的影响.结果表明,在中性和弱酸性条件下零价铁能有效去除对氯硝基苯,反应过程符合准一级动力学,反应终产物为对氯苯胺;降低零价铁粒径和增加零价铁投加量可提高对氯硝基苯的去除率.当零价铁粒径为0.05mm、投加量为0.5 g/L、对氯硝基苯初始质量浓度为25 mg/L,反应6h后,对氯硝基苯去除率可达100％.氧对零价铁还原对氯硝基苯具有竞争性抑制作用,但零价铁能消耗水中溶解氧并维持对氯硝基苯还原反应进行,与厌氧反应过程相比,空气-水体系对氯硝基苯去除率下降19.18％.研究表明,采用零价铁还原法可有效去除地下水中的对氯硝基苯.     

黑麦草对TCP污染土壤的修复研究

通过生物盆栽试验研究了黑麦草(Lolium multiflorun L)对2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)污染土壤的修复作用及其对污染土壤中微生物生物量碳、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响.结果表明,培养75 d后土壤中TCP的可提取态质量比随着时间延长而逐渐减少,黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态TCP质量比的下降.在TCP质量比为1mg·kg-1、10 mg·kg-1、100 mg·kg-1的处理中,种植黑麦草的去除率分别为92.5%、78.2%、55.6%,无植物处理的去除率分别为56.3%、49.2%、37.5%.黑麦草在TCP各质量比处理的污染土壤中能够存活,状态良好.种植植物士壤中的微生物生物量碳以及多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性都存在增加的趋势,明显高于对照土壤(p＜0.05),提高了土壤植物和微生物对污染物的降解能力.同时,高质量比处理对酶的活性也有一定的抑制作用.由于土壤自身具有修复TCP污染的自然本能,种植黑麦草具有强化TCP污染土壤的修复作用,可以通过促进黑麦草生长,增加土壤酶的活性,增强土壤微生物活性,提高黑麦草修复TCP污染土壤的能力.     

基于线性溶解能关系预测污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的分配系数

半透膜采样装置(SPMD)作为一种重要的被动采样器,被用于监测有机污染物的环境水平.SPMD的采样材料是置于低密度聚乙烯"口袋"中的三油酸甘油酯.根据有机污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数(包括被动采样材料/空气分配系数K(sA).和被动采样材料/水分配系数K(sw))值,可估算SPMD的采样速率,也可计...     

微耗损固相微萃取技术及其在有机污染物自由溶解态浓度测定中的应用

自由溶解态浓度可用于评价污染物的生物有效性,评估污染物的环境风险.本文介绍了微耗损固相微萃取(nd-SPME)技术测定自由溶解态浓度的原理、测定条件和基质干扰等影响因素,并着重总结归纳了nd-SPME技术在在环境基质和生物基质中有机污染物自由溶解态浓度测定中的应用.     

强吸附态1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷的脱氢氯反应活性

以1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷(1,1,2,2-TeCA)的碱催化脱氢氯反应为研究对象、以活性炭作为模型吸附剂,探讨了吸附相有机污染物参与化学反应的机制和动力学特征.首先研究了TeCA在活性炭上的吸附特征,比较了3个不同pH值条件下溶液相TeCA的碱催化脱氢氯反应活性,最后通过柱实验研究了活性炭吸附相TeCA的反应活性.结...     

几种有机氯杀虫剂对鱼的毒性和残留效应

硫丹、氯丹、五氯苯酚、三氯杀螨醇等有机氯杀虫剂,只允许在特殊场合使用,禁止在动物养殖业使用,但在世界上普遍存在限而不严、禁而不止的状况,威胁渔业环境安全和水产品质量.中国是水产品的生产大国和重要输出国,鱼类是中国主要的水产品.本文概述这几种杀虫剂的用途、水环境行为、渔业生产中的来源、对鱼类的毒性、对渔业的影响、中国渔业...     

气相色谱法同时测定地表水中的百菌清、环氧七氯和有机氯农药

用正己烷一次同时萃取地表水中的百菌清、环氧七氯和有机氯农药,萃取液脱水后进气相色谱仪进行测定。当取样体积为500ml时,方法检出限为0．01～0．02μg,／L,标准曲线相关系数大于0．999,方法精密度的相对标准偏差为1．5％-4．0％,加标回收率为81．6％～109．6％。该方法用于实际样品测定,结果令人满意。     

Coulometric determination of dissolved hydrogen with a multielectrolytic modified carbon felt electrode-based sensor

A multielectrolytic modified carbon electrode (MEMCE) was fabricated by the electrolytic-oxidation/reduction processes. First, the functional groups containing nitrogen atoms such as amino group were introduced by the electrode oxidation of carbon felt electrode in an ammonium carbamate aqueous solution, and next, this electrode was electroreduced in sulfuric acid. The redox waves between hydrogen ion and hydrogen molecule at highly positive potential range appeared in the cyclic voltammogram obtained by MEMCE. A coulometric cell using MEMCE with a catalytic activity of electrooxidation of hydrogen molecule was constructed and was used for the measurement of dissolved hydrogen. The typical current vs. time curve was obtained by the repetitive measurement of the dissolved hydrogen. These curves indicated that the measurement of dissolved hydrogen was finished completely in a very short time (ca. 10 sec). A linear relationship was obtained between the electrical charge needed for the electrooxidation process of hydrogen molecule and dissolved hydrogen concentration. This indicates that the developed coulometric method can be used for the determination of the dissolved hydrogen concentration.     

紫外-微臭氧工艺降解饮用水中邻氯对硝基苯胺的研究

以水中持久性有机物邻氯对硝基苯胺为目标物质,用紫外-微臭氧工艺对其进行降解,同时研究了紫外,紫外-臭氧和紫外-空气三种工艺的降解效果。结果表明:紫外-微臭氧工艺对水中持久性有机物的降解过程符合一级动力学反应。对于邻氯对硝基苯胺的3种初始浓度0.625,1.32,3.125 mg/L,紫外-微臭氧去除率分别达71.4%、78.8%、54.5%,降解效果低于紫外-臭氧工艺,但远好于其余三种工艺。紫外-微臭氧工艺的去除效果受到初始浓度,叔丁醇和初始pH值的影响。初始浓度在1.32 mg/L时去除率最高,初始浓度不应过高或者过低。加入叔丁醇使得去除率下降13%³1%。随着pH由4增加到9,去除率逐渐升高,较高的pH值有利于反应的进行。     

Water extraction kinetics of metals, arsenic and dissolved organic carbon from industrial contaminated poplar leaves

In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.