石化工业园区有毒废水来源识别研究

针对石化废水对综合污水处理厂的毒性冲击问题,采用耗氧速率抑制试验评价不同石化废水对活性污泥的毒性,评价对象包括石化工业园区内不同生产装置和装置内不同生产节点的废水.试验发现废水的有机质含量与毒性效应之间没有直接的相关性,并不能单从废水的有机质含量预测其毒性.同时,研究中针对活性污泥敏感性在不同批次试验之间的差异问题,将各废水对活性污泥的毒性数据转化为标准毒性物质3,5-二氯苯酚的浓度,提高了数据之间的可比性.在此基础上,根据废水流量和对应3,5-二氯苯酚浓度,计算废水对应标准毒性物质质量排放负荷,作为评价废水毒性排放贡献的指标.对不同装置和节点石化废水的毒性贡献进行排序,有效识别了该石化工业园区内有毒废水的产生来源,为从生产源头控制废水毒性提供有效指导.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in runoff and discharge of a stormwater management system and its implications for treatment

A stormwater management system utilizing the mechanisms of sedimentation and filtration/infiltration was developed and constructed for the immobilization of suspended solids and heavy metal constituents （Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni） in runoff. Monitoring took place between May 2010 and November 2012 on a total of 24 storm events. This research on the fractionation of heavy metals in runoff and discharge of a stormwater system provided insight on the actual efficiency of the system and determined the implications for treatment of the particulate-bound and dissolved heavy metals in runoff. Results revealed that the partitioning of heavy metal load in runoff in either dissolved or particulate-bound were influenced by flow rate and total suspended solids load, and evident in high-intensity storm （rainfall-runoff event）. On the other hand, the partitioning of heavy metal load discharge from the stormwater system was more apparent during the early period of discharge having higher variability in dissolved than particulate-bound heavy metal. Findings revealed that fractionation of heavy metals played an important role in the performance of the stormwater system; thus, must be considered in designing stormwater systems. For the stormwater system to be effective, it is recommended to design the system treating not only the early period of a storm （first flush criteria） rather until the peak part of the hydrograph （high flow rate where partitioning was greatest） from a load basis.     

Humic acid transport in saturated porous media: Influence of flow velocity and influent concentration

Understanding the transport of humic acids（HAs） in porous media can provide important and practical evidence needed for accurate prediction of organic/inorganic contaminant transport in different environmental media and interfaces. A series of column transport experiments was conducted to evaluate the transport of HA in different porous media at different flow velocities and influent HA concentrations. Low flow velocity and influent concentration were found to favor the adsorption and deposition of HA onto sand grains packed into columns and to give higher equilibrium distribution coefficients and deposition rate coefficients, which resulted in an increased fraction of HA being retained in columns.Consequently, retardation factors were increased and the transport of HA through the columns was delayed. These results suggest that the transport of HA in porous media is primarily controlled by the attachment of HA to the solid matrix. Accordingly, this attachment should be considered in studies of HA behavior in porous media.     

Experimental study using the dilution incubation method to assess water biostability

Water biostability is of particular concern to water supply as a major limiting factor for heterotrophic bacterial growth in water distribution systems. This study focused on bacterial growth dynamics in the series dilution of water samples with TOC（total organic carbon） values determined beforehand. The results showed that the specific growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 varied dramatically and irregularly with TOC value when TOC concentrations were low enough during the initial periods of incubation under given conditions. According to this relationship between bacterial growth rate and TOC, a dilution incubation method was designed for the study of water biostability. With the method under a given condition, a turning-point TOC value was found at a relatively fixed point in the curve between bacterial growth rate and TOC of water sample, and the variation of growth rate had different characteristics below the turning-point TOC value relative to that over this value. A turning-point TOC value similarly existed in all experiments not only with tap water, but also with acetate and mixed solutions. And in the dilution incubation method study, the affections were analyzed by condition factors such as inoculum amount,incubation time and nature of the organic carbon source. In very low organic carbon water environments, the variation characteristics of bacterial growth rate will be useful to further understand the meaning of water biostability.     

秋季北黄海溶解有机氮的分布特征及机制分析

基于北黄海海域秋季(2011年10月)航次的调查资料,对北黄海秋季溶解有机氮(DON)的时空分布特征及其影响机制进行了探讨。结果表明,2011年秋季北黄海表层水体DON的平均浓度为11.9μmol/L,底层平均浓度为9.98μmol/L,表、底层DON占总溶解态氮(TDN)的比例分别为71.4%和48.9%。受陆源输入及生物作用影响,表层DON在鸭绿江口附近海域有高值。各断面DON含量基本由表至底逐渐降低,深水区含量低于浅水区。     

城市化进程对地下河中溶解态正构烷烃来源的影响

为了探明城市化进程影响下地下河溶解态正构烷烃(D-ALK)的组分特征,于2014年11月至2015年4月,分别对受不同程度城市化进程影响的老龙洞与青木关两条地下河出口(老龙洞口、姜家泉)进行采样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)对样品中的D-ALK进行定量分析.结果表明,两地D-ALK碳数分布均为n C14~n C35.其中,姜家泉中的溶解态正构烷烃总量(DT-ALK)为102~356 ng·L~(-1),平均值为230 ng·L~(-1).2014年12月、2015年1月和4月,其正构烷烃碳数分布的峰型均为"单峰-前锋"型;LMH/HMH(n C-21/n C+22)为2.0~10;在n C14~n C25内碳优势指数(CPI14~25)为0.19~0.57,主碳峰均为C16(C_(max)16).2014年11月、2015年2月与3月,其碳数分布呈"双峰"形态,LMH/HMH与CPI14~25均小于1且C_(max)16;CPI24~35为1.2~23,C_(max)31或C_(max)33;Paq分别为0.2、0.7和0.1.其中,2014年11月与2015年3月的烷烃指数(AI)分别为0.95和0.98.老龙洞出口中的DT-ALK为110~697 ng·L~(-1),平均值为310 ng·L~(-1);各月碳数分布均呈现"单峰-前峰"峰型且C_(max)16,CPI14~25小于1.在旱季,由于受到不同人为活动的综合影响,以微生物输入为主的老龙洞中的溶解态正构烷烃在含量和组分的稳定性方面均大于以微生物和微生物、植物混合输入为主的姜家泉.     

铬渣浸溶Cr(Ⅵ)溶解释放规律研究-以锦州堆场铬渣为例

通过锦州地区铬渣样品静态浸溶实验,测定不同固液比、浸出时间、浸取剂pH及组成、振荡速度、铬渣粒度大小、温度等因素对铬渣中Cr(VI)溶解释放的影响,揭示铬渣中Cr(VI)析出、释放机理。结果显示,稀释作用在不同固液比浸出中起主导作用,随固液比的降低,Cr(VI)浸出浓度逐渐降低,但是Cr(VI)浸出总量却在增加;随着浸出时间的增大,浸出Cr(VI)浓度随之增大;铬渣浸出液碱性很高,在铬渣溶解释放过程中,随酸性增强Cr(VI)溶解量相应增大,体现强的酸中和能力;随着振荡速度增加,Cr(VI)溶解释放速度明显加快;粒径越小,铬酸盐的溶解释放速度越快,溶解作用越充分;铬渣的浸出为吸热反应过程,铬渣溶解度随温度升高而增大。铬渣中Cr(Vl)溶解释放速率服从菲克(Fick)扩散定律。研究结果为铬渣危害的评价、监测及铬渣污染有效防治提供参考。     

辽河水体中溶解有机质的光谱初步研究

文章分析了辽河流域水体中溶解有机质的吸收光谱,荧光特性及其主要来源。对比紫外可见吸收和散射2种模型,结果表明DOM对紫外可见光既有吸收也有散射。运用平行因子分析法(parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC),对三维荧光激发-发射矩阵(EEM)进行分析,发现3种荧光团,包括1种类蛋白荧光团和2种类腐殖质荧光团。荧光指数(FIX)为1.60～2.10,初步认为此时段辽河流域DOM的来源为多重来源,生物源比重较大。大多数SUVA_(254)在1.22～2.82L/(mg·m)之间,同文献报导的来自于土壤或者高等植物的DOM相比,值相对较小,DOM的芳构化程度较低,进一步表明DOM来源以生物源为主。     

微生物在生物煤层气形成中的作用及影响因素研究进展

在当今能源紧缺和环境污染严重的前提下,煤层气作为一类非常规天然气,越来越受到人们的重视。传统观点认为煤层甲烷多由高温热解产生,但是根据甲烷的同位素特征来判断,世界很多地方(包括我国鄂尔多斯、淮南等地)的煤层气多属生物成因或者生物和热成因混合。同时,越来越多的生物学证据也表明种类多样的产甲烷相关微生物广泛存在于煤层伴生地层水中或者煤层样品中。这也说明生物成因的煤层气仍然在不断地产生,这也为利用生物方法促进煤层气产生和利用提供了良好的契机。本文将介绍产甲烷微生物种群构成与功能、产气途径、影响产气速率的因素,探讨我国微生物强化产煤层气并实现产业化的应用前景。     

锅水固导比试验研究及标准修订建议

本文针对锅水中溶解固形物与电导率的比值关系及其影响因素进行了试验研究,并就GB/T1576《工业锅炉水质》标准中该项指标的修订提出建议。