Water-saving irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of a type of water-saving irrigation (WSI) on nutrient runo of paddy field. The volume of surface drainage was maintained low by WSI. In particular, WSI e ectively reduced surface drainage in rain events. Model simulation indicated that net runo load of total nitrogen (TN) from the paddy field was increased by WSI. Meanwhile, net runo loads of total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) from the paddy field was decreased by WSI. Because ponding waters of the study fields were enriched with TP and TOC, WSI reduced runo of these nutrients by controlling the volume of surface drainage. WSI could be considered an e cient method for reducing runo loads and could conserve water quality in an agricultural watershed.     

城市供水工程加氯工艺的环境风险研究

本文以城市供水工程的加氯工艺为研究对象,系统地分析了各个可能存在环境风险的环节,在确定了氯为主要风险因子后,进一步对其泄漏事故进行了分析和预测,预测出氯泄漏的大气影响范围,为环境风险事故的应急处置提供了依据.     

老解放河流域污灌区土壤污染生态风险评价

通过对营口市旗口镇老解放河流域污灌区农田土壤的调查与研究表明,老解放河流域部分农田土壤存在低风险,由于老解放河中下游是提水点,所以中下游农田土壤污染程度高于上游和下游,且下游高于上游.生态危害最大的污染因子为铬.     

生命之源H2O——从大坝到农田的科学供水

水（H2O）由两个氢原子和一个氧原子组成,它是自然界中最简单、最常见的化合物,也是我们赖以生存的地球上覆盖最广、数量最多的自然物质。     

科学开展水价改革

水价是一个复杂的体系,它的构成、形成机制和监管方式是国际公认的难题。水价既是水务企业运营和发展的动力和源泉,也是公众日常生活必需的支出。水价改革牵一发而动全身,因此需要谨慎实施。"三元结构"是水价改革基础2004年,国务院在"关于城市供水价格改革的通知"中明确了城市供水价格三元结构组成:即水资源     

不同供水管材生物膜抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为了研究不同材质供水管道内壁生物膜中抗生素抗性基因分布特征和水平转移潜力,利用宏基因组测序对304、316 L不锈钢管和PPR、PE塑料管内壁生物膜进行了分析.结果表明,4种管材内壁生物膜中共检出17类146种抗生素抗性基因.多药类抗性基因在不同管材生物膜中的丰度最高且差别较大,是不同管材生物膜抗生素抗性基因差异的主要原因.不同管材生物膜中可移动遗传元件的总丰度水平较高,但整体上和抗生素抗性基因共存的比例较低,其中整合酶基因表现出和抗生素抗性基因更加密切的关系,可能在抗生素抗性基因的水平转移上发挥重要作用.不同的抗性基因拥有不同种类的潜在宿主,水杆菌属（Aquabacterium）、慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）等高丰度宿主是多药类抗性基因大量存在的基础.不同管材管壁生物膜中抗生素抗性的首要影响因素是细菌群落组成,其次是可移动遗传元件介导的基因水平转移;物种组成和可移动遗传元件共同塑造了抗性基因的分布特征.     

曝气灌溉条件下土壤N2O排放特征及影响因子分析

为了明确曝气灌溉下土壤N₂O排放特征及主要影响因子,实验设置了2个灌水量（70%和90%田间持水量）和2个增氧水平（5,40mg/L）,采用静态箱法和qPCR技术对土壤N₂O通量及土壤关键功能基因进行测定,研究不同灌水量和增氧水平对土壤充水孔隙度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位（Eh）、矿质氮及氨氧化古菌（AOA）、氨氧化细菌（AOB）和反硝化基因（narG和nosZ）的影响.结果表明：培养过程中,各处理N₂O排放通量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,于灌溉后1d达到峰值;曝气量和灌水量的增加可显著增加土壤N₂O的排放通量和排放峰值.灌溉造成土壤含水量增加的同时,降低了土壤溶解氧和Eh;曝气可提高土壤溶解氧和Eh,改善土壤通气性（P<0.05）,而对土壤充水孔隙度无显著影响.土壤充水孔隙度、Eh、NO₃^--N含量是曝气灌溉下驱动土壤N₂O排放的主要理化因子.曝气显著增加了AOA的基因拷贝数,且N₂O排放与AOA的基因拷贝数呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.研究结果为进一步明确曝气灌溉对土壤N₂O排放的影响机制和曝气灌溉模式下农田N₂O排放管理提供支撑.     

农村饮水安全“决战年”:问题与挑战

适逢全国两会,大气污染、水污染、土壤污染等环境治理问题也备受两会代表、委员们的瞩目。早在今年年初,就有专家指出2015年或将成为"环保年"。继2013年颁布的"大气十条"之后,备受社会各界关注的《水污染防治行动计划》(又称"水十条"),今年首次出现在《政府工作报告》中。报告提出,实施     

污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂对土壤中有机农药迁移的影响研究

采用振荡平衡法和淋洗法,研究了污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂Tween－80在表层土壤和深层土壤上的吸附行为及其对有机农药甲萘威迁移的影响。结果表明：在振荡平衡条件下,低Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会促进甲萘威在表层土壤中的吸附,而高Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会抑制甲萘威在深层土壤中的吸附;在淋洗条件下,Tween－80在深层土壤中表现出较强的吸附能力。     

Irrigation quotas for high water use efficiency and economic water productivity of typical crops in Shiyang River Basin北大核心CSCD

Water consumption in agricultural activities is the main water use in inland oases in Northwest China. Research on water conservation in agriculture is of great significance to alleviate the conflict between the use of agricultural and ecological water and is of great importance to local farmers’ livelihoods. This study, based on traditional irrigation practices (flood irrigation and fixed irrigation frequency) of Minqin County in Shiyang River Basion, was designed to reveal the impacts of five irrigation quotas (1 800, 1 440, 1 080, 720, and 360 m3/hm2) on crop yield, biomass, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and economic water productivity (EWP) to determine the optimal irrigation for five crops and guide local irrigation practices. The results showed that: (1) Under the five irrigation quotas, IWUE of corn, with the highest of 12.27 kg/m3, was higher than the other four crops; (2) The average EWP of cotton with a 2-year-average of 8.0 yuan/m3 was higher than the other four crops. Thus, the economic output of cotton is the best under the same irrigation quota; (3) Considering the yield, IWUE, EWP, and biomass, corn was better than the other four typical crops; and (4) 1 080 m3/hm2 was the optimal irrigation quota for sunflower in local planting practices. In addition, 720 m3/hm2 was suitable for corn, pepper, wheat, and cotton as their irrigation quota. This study shows that reducing the amount of irrigation quota in the Shiyang River Basin can effectively improve local IWUE and EWP. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.