Effects of temperature and surfactants on naphthalene and phenanthrene sorption by soil

Adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the sorption behaviors of naphthalene and phenanthrene in six different soils and to determine the effects of temperature, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and cetylrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on sorption. The results show that for a given sorbent phenanthrene exhibited greater nonlinear and stronger sorption than naphthalene. There was a strong negative correlation for the Koc values with organic carbon content (foc). The increase of temperature was not favorable to sorption. Sorption decreased along with the increasing aqueous LAS concentration from 0 to 1000 mg/L. At low CTAB concentration (＜ 100 mg/L), the adsorption increased as CTAB hemimicelles formed on the soil surface. At high concentration, CTAB decreased the adsorption by occupying active hydrophobic adsorption sites and solubilization of naphthalene and phenanthrene.     

一株假单胞菌对高粘原油的乳化降解作用

从油田原油污染土壤中筛选出一株以原油为最佳碳源产表面活性剂的假单包菌SY-3。该菌在以原油烃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,除降粘外还能产生甲酸和乙酸。通过单因素试验,确定了降低原油粘度最适条件:初始原油浓度12g/L,氮源为4g/L的混合氮源[硝酸钠和硝酸铵(1:1)],培养温度37℃,接种量5%,初始pH值7.0,培养时间5d。GC谱图分析经SY-3菌降解前后原油组分的变化,可知原油的重质组分含量明显降低,轻质组分含量明显增加,降粘率达56%。表明该菌株对原油有良好的乳化降解能力。     

飞灰/石灰吸着剂制备及其脱硫脱硝性能的研究

以飞灰和石灰为原料,采用常压水合、蒸汽水合、加压水合三种水合方式制备干法脱硫脱硝吸着剂,并探讨了吸着剂表面及孔结构特性对脱硫脱硝性能的影响。研究了制备条件如:飞灰/石灰比、水合温度、压力等因素对吸着剂表面及孔结构特性及其脱硫脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,以飞灰和石灰水合制得的吸着剂的比表面积和孔体积均远大于原料石灰或飞灰的比表面积和孔体积。水合制得的飞灰/石灰吸着剂比表面积最大可达97.55m2/g,孔隙体积更是较两种原料增大了10～100倍;水合法制备飞灰/石灰吸着剂时,飞灰/石灰比对吸着剂的表面及孔结构特性影响最大,在飞灰/石灰比为1/1时,制得的吸着剂的脱硫脱硝性能较优;水合制备的飞灰/石灰吸着剂,比表面积40m2/g以上,且孔径在250～270A觷时,表现出具有较高的脱硫脱硝活性。     

臭氧用于空气和表面消毒的研究进展

微生物气溶胶是影响人体健康的一大隐患,为保证室内环境安全,需对室内空气和表面进行消毒,以消除病原微生物并控制室内微生物含量在健康水平以下.臭氧是一种广谱、高效的杀菌剂,目前已广泛应用于空气和表面消毒.臭氧消毒在实际应用中仍存在较多限制因素.对臭氧空气和表面消毒相关研究进行了梳理,总结各条件下臭氧的消毒性能和消毒机理,并详细阐述微生物、臭氧浓度、消毒时间、湿度及其他因素对臭氧消毒效果的影响,最后提出目前臭氧空气和表面消毒存在的不足及未来研究的可能方向.     

基于量子化学分析表面活性剂对不同煤种润湿机理的影响*

为研究不同类型表面活性剂对煤润湿性的调控机理,首先将所选煤样的润湿性与煤样成分进行关联分析,然后采用透过高度法实验及量子化学计算相结合的方法研究表面活性剂对煤样润湿性的影响效果及机理。结果表明:煤的润湿性与煤中固有水分、灰分呈正相关关系,与煤中固定碳呈负相关关系;所选取的4种表面活性剂的加入会降低褐煤的亲水性,而对长焰煤、焦煤和无烟煤亲水性有提升作用,并且十二烷基硫酸钠对于这3种煤样亲水性的提升作用最为明显;表面活性剂分子、水分子及煤分子的表面静电势分布共同决定了表面活性剂对煤浸润性的影响。     

γ-Al2O3催化臭氧氧化水中嗅味物质机理探讨

以γ-Al₂O₃粉末为催化剂,研究催化臭氧氧化去除水体中典型嗅味物质2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）的效能与机理.结果表明,γ-Al₂O₃能够明显促进臭氧氧化去除MIB,表现出很好的催化活性,叔丁醇对γ-Al₂O₃催化氧化去除MIB过程具有明显的抑制作用.在催化臭氧氧化去除MIB过程中,γ-Al₂O₃表面电荷状态及表面羟基的带电性质与溶液的pH值有关.当溶液pH值与γ-Al₂O₃ 的pH_zpc接近时,γ-Al₂O₃的催化作用最为明显.γ-Al₂O₃催化臭氧氧化过程中自由基的相对量值R_ct比单独臭氧氧化过程高出近1个数量级,这进一步表明γ-Al₂O₃能明显促进臭氧分解产生更多的羟基自由基.最后还考察了不同摩尔比例的臭氧分解促进剂与抑制剂对γ-Al₂O₃催化臭氧分解的影响.     

Improvement of antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes(PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR/FT-IR)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FE- SEM)were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces.Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured.The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes.To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor(MBR),filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater.With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d,the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

工艺安全警示灯

冷脆性和热应力 在某煤气处理厂,一台为换热器供应热油的泵停止工作了数小时。由于换热器中没有热油流动,其温度从通常的100℃或更高降到了零下48℃。在换热器表面观察到了结冰的现象。后来油泵重新启动工作,热油重新流入换热器。低温已经造成钢制换热器的脆性增加,     

表面活性剂对DDT在胶州湾沉积物上吸附行为的影响

采用批量定时取样法和批量平衡法,研究了低浓度阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）存在下胶州湾沉积物对DDT的吸附特性及机制.结果表明,吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附等温线可用Freundlich等温式较好地描述.在实验浓度范围内,SDBS和CTAB均利于DDT在沉积物上的吸附,且吸附速率和吸附能力均随SDBS和CTAB初始浓度的增加而增大,其中CTAB的影响更为显著.以p,p＇-DDT为例,当SDBS的浓度为10mg.L-1时,吸附速率常数k2由1.232×10-2 g.（μg.min）-1提高到4.193×10-2 g.（μg.min）-1,KF由2.866（μg.g-1）（L.μg-1）1/n增加到7.932（μg.g-1）（L.μg-1）1/n.另外本研究还分析了SDBS存在下温度对吸附过程的影响,结果表明,在283～308 K范围内,较低的温度有利于DDT的吸附,该吸附是一个自发的、放热的、熵增加的物理吸附过程,SDBS的存在使DDT在吸附过程中的ΔG0、ΔH0值更负,ΔS0值更小.该研究可为DDT在胶州湾中的迁移转化及其归宿提供一定的理论基础.