两亲性壳聚糖制备优化及其气浮除藻研究

对壳聚糖（CTS）进行了两亲改性,通过响应曲面实验对比各因素对取代度影响的显著程度且优选出最佳的制备条件,并采用3种两亲性CTS进行了表面改性气浮（PosiDAF）除藻实验,对比了不同条件下的除藻效果且探究除藻机理.结果表明,两亲性CTS水溶性增强,但热稳定性降低;对响应值影响的显著程度为：碳链长度>反应时间>反应温度>原料投加比;以丁基N-2羟丙基三甲基壳聚糖氯化铵（C4-HTCC）为改性剂,投加量为1.0mg/L时改性气浮除藻效果最佳,可达93.47%,源于其改性的微气泡具有较强的静电吸引作用.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

Performances of biological aerated filter employing hollow fiber membrane segments of surface-improved poly （sulfone） as biofilm carriers

Using the surface of poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segments as grafted layer, the hydrophilic acrylamide chain was grafted on by UV-photoinduced grafting polymerization. The gained improvement of surface wettability for the modified membrane was tested by measuring the contact-angle as well as FTIR spectra. Then correlation between the hydrophilic ability of support material and the biofilm adherence ability was demonstrated by comparing the pollutant removal rates from urban wastewater via two identical lab-scale up-flow biological aerated filters, one employed the surface wettability modified poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segment as biofilm carder and the other employed unmodified membrane segment as biofilm carder. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of influent flux 5 L/h, hydraulic retention time 9 h and gas to liquid ratio （G/L） 10： 1, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonium nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） for the modified packing filter and the unmodified packing filter was averaged at 83.64% and 96.25%, respectively, with the former filter being 5%-20% more than the latter. The effluent concentration of COD, NH4^＋-N and turbidity for the modified packing filter was 25.25 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 8 NTU, respectively. Moreover, the ammonium nitrogen removal performance of the filter packing the modified PSF was compared with the other bioreactor packing of an efficient floating medium. The biomass test indicated that the modified membrane matrixes provided better specific adhesion （3310-5653 mg TSS/L support）, which gave a mean of 1000 mg TSS/L more than the unmodified membrane did. In addition, the phenomenon of simultaneous denitrification on the inner surface of the support and nitrification on the outer surface was found in this work.     

酸化超滤法和螯合超滤法回收再利用SDS胶团

以含Cd²⁺的浓缩废液为对象,考察了不同的酸化剂、螯合剂、pH值、操作模式对Cd²⁺的分离、SDS胶团的回收和再利用效果的影响.结果表明,酸化超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:硫酸作为酸化剂,pH值为1.0,间歇式操作,此条件下,浓缩废液中Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为98.0%和58.1%,回收的SDS胶团再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率仍有80.2%;螯合超滤法最适宜的回收条件为:EDTA作为螯合剂,不控制pH值(pH=4.4),间歇式操作,此条件下,Cd²⁺分离率和SDS胶团回收率分别为90.1%和60.5%,再次应用到MEUF中处理含Cd²⁺废水,Cd²⁺去除率达到79.4%.     

苯酚、苯在水／阴离子有机膨润土界面的环境行为研究

研究了苯酚在水／阴离子有机膨润土界面的吸附行为，初步探讨了阴离子有机膨润土对苯酚、苯的吸附性能、机理及影响因素。结果表明，阴离子表面活性剂改性后，膨润土中有机碳含量增加了10～38倍，对苯酚、苯的吸附能力大大提高。水中苯酚、苯在水／阴离子有机膨润土界面的吸附行为主要分配作用所致，其吸附等温线呈线性。     

沉积物颗粒表面分形特征的研究

通过一阶分子连接性指数^1X与分子表面积TSA之间的相关性计算出吸附分子的尺度，采用分形吸附等温线法计算出妫河沉积物的Ds为2．379，官厅沉积物的Ds为2．836．基于沉积物对N2的吸附．脱附等温线数据，采用FHH(Frenkel-Halsey-Hill)方程计算出两种沉积物的表面分形维数Ds，发现官厅沉积物与妫河沉积物的Ds相差不大；温度影响Ds主要是由于升温改变了沉积物的组成与结构．在本实验中采用热力学模型(thenmodynamic model)计算出的Ds值大都超过3．此外，沉积物的Ds与其比表面积、矿物含量、CEC、有机质的相关性差．以萘、菲、芘作为码尺计算出的Ds并不完全是表面空间填充能力的客观表现，而是表面吸附过程的一个重要的综合性特征参数．     

不同种类表面活性剂联合离子液体预处理稻秆的物化特性研究

预处理是提高木质纤维材料酶解效果的关键步骤,更是木质纤维材料制造生物乙醇的重要环节.因此,对木质纤维材料进行预处理以促进酶解糖化过程具有重要意义.本研究以稻秆为原料,探讨不同类型表面活性剂(包括阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型、生物)联合离子液体对木质纤维材料转化率及酶解初速度的影响,并通过稻秆成分分析、FTIR、XRD对处理前后稻秆的结构、结晶性进行了分析比较.结果表明,与单独离子液体处理相比,表面活性剂联合离子液体预处理稻秆可提升纤维转化率,效果为:生物表面活性剂-离子液体非离子型表面活性剂-离子液体阴离子型表面活性剂-离子液体阳离子型表面活性剂-离子液体.与未处理及单独离子液体处理稻秆相比,生物表面活性剂-离子液体预处理稻秆的纤维转化率分别提高55.38%和22.03%.     

混合表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶作用及机理

比较了研究了单一和混合表面活性剂对萘、苊、蒽、菲、芘的增溶作用及其机理。混合表面活性剂／单一表面活性对多环芳烃协同增溶／增溶作用的大小与水溶液中表面活性剂的结构、浓度、组成及有机溶质本身的性质有关。在临界胶束浓度（CMC）以上，单一表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶作用顺序为TritonX100＞Brij35＞TritonX305，与其亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）呈负相关；混合表面活性剂对多环芳烃能产生显著的增溶作用，其协同增溶作用顺序为SDS－TritonX305＞SDS－Brij35＞SDS－TritonX100，协同增溶作用的大小与其中的非离子表面活性剂的HLB值及多环芳烃的辛醇－水分配系数呈正相关。混合表面活性剂溶液的CMC值降低、溶质在胶束相／水相间分配系数Kmc的增大是产生协同增溶作用的主要原因。     

表面活性剂Burkholderia xenovorans LB400体系对低氯代PCBs的好氧强化降解

增强多氯联苯(PCBs)的水溶性是强化PCBs微生物降解的主要控制因素之一,本研究选取了PCB5(2,3-CB)和PCB31(2,4’,5-CB)作为低氯代PCBs的典型代表,以曲拉通100(TX-100)、吐温80(Tween 80)、鼠李糖脂粗提物(RL crude)3种表面活性剂和β-环糊精(HPCD)联合Burkholderia xenovorans LB400构建PCBs好氧降解体系,测试了它们对PCB5和PCB31的溶出率及微生物生长的影响.结果表明,TX-100(CMC=194 mg·L-1)、Tween 80(CMC=13.1 mg·L-1)、RL crude(CMC=50mg·L-1)浓度在1~7 CMC时和HPCD浓度在500~1500 mg·L-1时对PCB5和PCB31溶出率分别达到54.7%~100%、59.8%~100%;10.5%~40.8%、6.8%~31.6%;10.3%~19.9%、3.3%~11.6%和19.5%~34.2%、4.2%~10.7%.TX-100浓度在1~7 CMC时对B.xenovorans LB400生长的抑制率达到30.3%~45.8%,而Tween 80浓度在0.1~1 CMC时对其生长的抑制率为10.0%~15.4%;RL crude本身能作为底物促进LB400的生长,而HPCD对其生长无明显影响.B.xenovorans LB400对PCB31(5 mg·L-1)的降解效率在添加表面活性剂后有不同程度的提高:TX-100,23.7%~65.5%;Tween80,14.6%~44.3%;RL crude,9.6%~27.2%;HPCD,15.3%~20.7%;而表面活性剂对PCB5(10 mg·L-1)的降解效率则无明显影响.表面活性剂主要通过增大溶液中PCBs-表面活性剂的胶束浓度来提高LB400对PCBs的降解效率,在水溶液培养体系中当设置TX-100和Tween 80浓度分别在1和7 CMC时,PCB31的降解效率达到100%和81.7%,而此时B.xenovorans LB400生长的抑制率为30.3%和5.4%.     

表面活性剂对白腐真菌降解多环芳烃的影响

研究了4种表面活性剂吐温80(Tween80)、曲拉通100(Trition X-100)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对白腐真菌降解水溶液和土水系统中多环芳烃(PAHs)的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂的类型、浓度、PAHs的赋存状态以及体系pH值、温度等均影响着PAHs的降解.在水溶液中(无土),加入4种表面活性剂均降低溶液中PAHs的降解.在土水系统中,Trition X-100和SDS抑制PAHs降解,而Tween80和LAS对PAHs的影响则受到浓度的影响.低浓度Tween80和LAS对土壤中PAHs的降解没有促进作用,甚至有微弱的抑制作用,但适当浓度的Tween80和LAS促进PAHs降解,并且对土壤中PAHs降解的促进作用随着浓度的增大而逐渐增大,但过高浓度的Tween80和LAS没有表现出对PAHs降解更大的促进作用.