On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

玉米秸秆生物炭对灰钙土吸附金霉素的影响

为研究生物炭(BC)添加对灰钙土(HGT)吸附金霉素(CTC)的影响,本文以玉米秸秆为原料分别在200、400和600℃下制备BC.采用批平衡法,研究CTC在HGT和HGT+BC上的吸附行为.结果表明,HGT对CTC的吸附平衡时间为240 min,添加BC使平衡时间相对延长,符合准二级动力学模型.CTC的总体吸附速率由表面扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制,且表面扩散速率更快,疏水分配作用促进吸附进行.3种等温吸附模型拟合对CTC在HGT和HGT+BC中的吸附均呈现较好相关性.添加BC使HGT对CTC的吸附分配系数Kd值增大,亲和力增强.不同温度时分配系数Kd的差异性表明吸附过程为放热反应.吸附满足不同等温线型(L型和S型),是以化学吸附为主的非均质复杂吸附过程,伴随静电引力、氢键相互作用等表面吸附和物理吸附.pH=3时,CTC+与土壤表面的负性位点大量结合,发生阳离子交换与静电吸引作用,吸附量最大.pH增大,CTC存在形态改变,HGT和BC对其吸附能力减弱.BC在不同pH下始终增强HGT对CTC的吸附,且添加量越大,CTC的吸附分配系数Kd值越大.吸附是由HGT和BC的有机质含量、矿物组成、理化性质及CTC存在形态和环境因素共同作用的结果.研究表明适量添加BC对HGT吸附CTC具有积极影响,裂解温度200℃时作用最显著,可以有效促进HGT对CTC的吸附与固定作用.     

基于酸浸焚烧污泥灰中的磷释放及蓝铁矿生成

酸浸焚烧污泥灰(ISSA)是一种湿化学法提取磷(P)的工艺,因其操作简单、损耗低而被广泛应用.以烘干污泥为对照,通过考察不同温度(600～900℃)下ISSA中的磷形态和矿物相转变,研究了H₂SO₄和HCl作为提取液的酸浓度、酸浸时间和液固比对ISSA样品释磷性能以及对Ca、Al、Mg、Fe等关键金属元素浸出行为的影响,最终通过酸浸、阳离子交换树脂(CER)纯化和沉淀三步反应得到磷回收产物.结果表明:ISSA样品磷的形态以非磷灰石态无机磷(NAIP)为主,且部分NAIP会随着焚烧温度的升高转变为磷灰石态无机磷(AP);同时,污泥样品经两种提取液酸浸后,金属元素Ca、Al、Mg释出量最多,其中Ca、Mg元素的浸出量随焚烧温度的升高变化不大,而Al的浸出量随焚烧温度的升高急剧降低;相比其他焚烧温度,800℃条件下ISSA释磷性能更好,且H₂SO₄酸浸释磷性能优于HCl酸浸,当H₂SO₄浓度为0.10mol/L、液固比为150mL/g、酸浸时间为150min时释...     

一台燃气燃油锅炉烟管裂纹原因分析及处理

1前言南汇区某工厂一台进口燃气燃油两用湿背型三回程蒸汽锅炉。型号HEF-1712（14K）,额定蒸发量为9．6t／h,额定工作压力1．37MPa。烟管与管板连接方式为全焊接（胀焊）。烟管规格：STB340①76．2~3．6（烟管）巾76．2~6（拉撑管）。管板规格：SB450S=21mm。该锅炉2000年10月制造。2001年11月开始投用（实际燃用天然气）工作压力为1．2MPa,24小时连续运行,该锅炉水处理为阴阳离子交换,锅炉给水经热力除氧器除氧．另加锅内加药处理。     

聚酰胺及其改性材料自然老化行为研究及预测

在自然环境(武汉)下进行了两年半的老化曝晒实验,随着老化时间的增长,聚酰胺材料的吸水率逐渐增加,力学性能下降,表面出现了不同程度的裂纹.通过吸水率测试和力学性能的比较,发现环境湿度影响聚酰胺老化过程中力学性能变化,湿度越大,材料力学性能下降越快;改性后,即添加了玻璃纤维后的聚酰胺,能够在一定程度下减缓材料老化行为.对材...     

元氏煤矿下组煤开采的可行性及防治水措施的探讨

在分析区域及井田水文地质条件基础上,通过对井下岩层含水性的和防治水措施的研究,提出了在现有条件下加强对井下水的治理,加强防、探、固、堵、隔、研的防治水方针执行,降低奥灰水对煤层开采威胁,实现带压开采,减少突水造成淹井的影响.结合现有勘探资料基础,就下组煤开采可行性及其安全开采防治水措施进行初步讨论,并提出建议和措施.     

Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment

Biochar has received increasing attention due to its applications as a soil amendment. Here, the chemical properties of solid and water-extractable fractions of four biochar samples were investigated. The results showed that wood biochar and bamboo biochar samples were 60%–80% more hydrophobic than those of rice husk biochar and rice husk ash. In addition, the acidity was 3.88 mmol/g from the total functional groups and 1.03 mmol/g from the carboxyl groups/lactones/phenols found in the wood biochar sample, which were about 1.5 times greater than those of the bamboo biochar sample. These functional groups could be used to determine the sorptive capacity of biochar for ionic solutes and water content and to increase the degradation of compost organics. The wood biochar sample was found to have the most humification materials(fulvic acid-like material + humic acid-like material) in the water-extractable fraction, which was 3–10 times higher than that in the rice husk biochar and rice husk ash; humified materials were not detected in the bamboo biochar sample. Humification materials in biochar may be involved in increasing the proportion of humic acid-like materials in humic-like substances within the compost product. Wood biochar had better hydrophobic, sorptive, aromatic, and humification properties compared to other biochars, suggesting that it may be used in composting in order to exert its effect as both a bulking agent and a composting amendment during the solid waste composting process.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

安徽合肥市新能源汽车累计推广总量超9100辆

2014年上半年,合肥市新推广新能源汽车548辆,总数达9109辆,继续保持全国领先。运行总里程超过1．2亿公里,节约燃油约1800万升,减排二氧化碳约4万吨。近几年来,为进一步发展新能源汽车产业,合肥市积极采取措施,大力促进新能源汽车的推广使用,取得了明显成效。     

灰色关联决策法在SEA替代方案比选中的应用

灰色关联决策法的灰关联度存在局部关联倾向和造成信息损失的不足.按信息熵原理,定义灰关联熵对灰色关联决策法进行改进.以《武汉市国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年总体规划纲要(草案)》为例,对其进行模拟战略环境评价,把改进后的灰色关联决策法用于替代方案的比选.结果表明,该法的思路清晰,过程简洁,能给出替代方案优劣的定量评价结果,灰关联熵比灰关联度能更真实地反映方案的差别.