A comparative study and evaluation of sulfamethoxazole adsorption onto organo-montmorillonites

Three organo-montmorillonites were prepared using surfactants, and their adsorption behaviors toward sulfamethoxazole（SMX） were investigated. The surfactants used were cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide（CTMAB）, 3-（N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonio） propane sulfonate（HDAPS） and 1,3-bis（hexadecyldimethylammonio）-propane dibromide（BHDAP）. The properties of the organo-montmorillonites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements. Results showed that the interlayer spacing of montmorillonite was increased and the surface area as well as the morphology were changed. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the surfactant loading amount had a great effect on the adsorption of SMX. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at p H 3 for HDAPS-Mt, while CTMAB-Mt and BHDAP-Mt showed a high removal efficiency at 3–11. The adsorption capacity increased with the initial SMX concentration and contact time but decreased with increasing solution ionic strength.Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo second-order model. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir model, and the Freundlich constant（n） indicated a favorable adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of SMX was 235.29 mg/g for CTMAB-Mt, 155.28 mg/g for HDAPS-Mt and 242.72 mg/g for BHDAP-Mt. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to evaluate the spontaneity and endothermic or exothermic nature. The adsorption mechanism was found to be dominated by electrostatic interaction,while hydrophobic interaction played a secondary role.     

Synthesis and characterisation of potassium polytitanate for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet

Potassium titanate nanostructures were synthesised by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 （P25） in KOH and H2O2. As-produced powders were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. Longitudinally-oriented-wire-like structures with a length up to several micrometres and diameters ranging from 10 to 30 nm were obtained. Larger size fibrous nanowires resulting from the hydrotherrnal treatment showed high affinity in adsorbing crystal violet （CV）, which was mainly due to their high surface area. The photocatalytic bleaching of CV solution revealed that the wires are photoactive under ultraviolet light irradiation. Macroporous nanowires are considered as effective adsorbents of CV, capable of photocatalvtic degradation, and they can be easily separated from the solution by settling.     

直接玫红染料降解菌株的分离鉴定及其特性研究

从黄冈市某印染厂生化处理池分离得到一株对直接玫红FR有高效降解作用的菌株HS-M02。研究表明,菌株HS-M02在合成培养基中能降解直接玫红FR作为生长所需的唯一氮源和能源。UV-Vis动态扫描结果表明,在37℃,pH 7.0条件下,HS-M02在24 h内将20 mg/L的直接玫红FR完全降解。扩增HS-M02菌株的16S rDNA保守基因,通过Blast在线分析,运用Mega5.1软件进行菌株系统进化分析,结果表明,菌株HS-M02与菌株Enterococcus faecium DSM 20477的同源性为100%,结合形态观察和生理生化试验,HS-M02鉴定为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)。进一步研究表明,菌株HS-M02在24 h内对浓度为20 mg/L的活性黑,酸性红GR、直接大红、还原黄GCN等染料降解率均达90%以上,表现出高效广谱染料脱色降解特性,具有潜在的应用研究价值。     

热脱附-稳定化工序对土壤镉稳定化效率的影响

热脱附-稳定化是修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤的主要工艺。由于热脱附对土壤重金属有“活化”和“固化”的双重作用,因此,热脱附-稳定化工序会影响重金属的稳定化效率。以含镉(Cd)的复合污染土壤为研究对象,从浸出率、形态分布、微观形貌3个层面,分析热脱附-稳定化(T-S)和稳定化-热脱附(S-T)工艺对Cd稳定化效率的影响。结果表明：S-T工艺浸出率(42.26%)低于T-S工艺(52.11%);由于Cd“活化”“固化”与稳定化作用,S-T工艺处置的土壤Cd弱酸提取态和残渣态比例分别是T-S工艺的0.75,1.4倍,形态更趋于稳定分布;电镜扫描(SEM)显示,S-T工艺比T-S工艺处置后土壤颗粒结晶更为显著,说明土壤Cd的稳定化效果更好。     

环球扫描

11月19日,日本气象研究所的一份报告表明,日本气象研究所在研究美国航空航天局卫星的图片后发现,7月上旬,大量空气微粒子从日本九州岛飘至本州岛,而同时期并没有发现从中国飘来的空气微粒子,日本的这一空气污染现象与中国无关。同时,九州岛上的活火山“樱岛”运动频繁,经常喷出大量浓烟。     

亚洲地区OMI和SCIAMACHY臭氧柱总量观测结果比较

利用臭氧观测仪(OMI)和扫描成像大气吸收光谱仪(SCIAMACHY)传感器反演的臭氧总量数据,结合从世界臭氧与紫外线辐射数据中心(WODUC)获取的地面观测臭氧总量数据进行验证,对比2种不同卫星遥感反演的臭氧总量产品优缺点,并分析亚洲地区臭氧总量的时空特征.结果表明,OMI反演的结果比SCIAMACHY的结果更好,而且具有更高的时间和空间分辨率.臭氧总量存在明显的季节变化,在低纬度地区最大值出现在4或5月,最小值在11或12月,而在高纬度地区则分别出现在2月或3月和8月或9月.臭氧总量纬度地带性分布明显,并随着纬度增加而逐渐上升,在10°N~30°N之间,臭氧总量增长平缓,在30°N~50°N之间,臭氧总量快速增大.在青藏高原地区出现臭氧低值区,并在青藏高原东面的横断山脉向低纬度延伸,隔断了臭氧总量的纬度地带性分布.臭氧总量变化在不同纬度呈现不同的模式,距平值随纬度的增大波动随之增大.纬度最低的站点(216)臭氧总量距平值变化最小,最大只有30 DU;而纬度最高的站点(326)臭氧总量距平值变化可达180 DU以上.     

基于激光引导的火灾人员疏散与应急救援系统

设计并开发了基于激光引导的火灾人员疏散与应急救援系统,该系统将程控激光指示与GIS技术相结合,通过探测器采集火场动态信息,针对火灾实际,生成安全迅速的疏散引导路线,解决了当前消防系统疏散标志设置混乱、易被误识别、引导效率低的缺陷,提高了现有消防引导疏散水平,对提高消防安全技术水平有较大的促进作用.     

Removal of clofibric acid from aqueous solution by polyethylenimine-modified chitosan beads

Polyethylenimine （PEI）-modified chitosan was prepared and used to remove clofibric acid （CA） from aqueous solution. PEI was chemically grafted on the porous chitosan through a crosslinking reaction, and the effects of PEI concentration and reaction time in the preparation on the adsorption of clofibric acid were optimized. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） showed that PEI macromolecules were uniformly grafted on the porous chitosan, and the analysis of pore size distribution indicated that more mesopores were formed due to the crosslinking of PEI molecules in the macropores of chitosan. The PEI-modified chitosan had fast adsorption for CA within the initial 5 h, while this adsorbent exhibited an adsorption capacity of 349 mg· g^-1 for CA at pH 5.0 according to the Langmuir fitting, higher than 213 mg· g^-1 on the porous chitosan. The CA adsorption on the PEI- modified chitosan was pH-dependent, and the maximum adsorption was achieved at pH 4.0. Based on the surface charge analysis and comparison of different pharmaceu- ticals adsorption, electrostatic interaction dominated the sorption of CA on the PEI-modified chitosan. The PEI- modified chitosan has a potential application for the removal of some anionic rnicropollutants from water or wastewater.     

Recovery of NH 4 + by corn cob produced biochars and its potential application as soil conditioner

NH4^＋ ion, a main pollutant in aquatic systems, not only causes eutrophication in rivers and lakes but also contributes to fish toxicity. In this study, an eco-friendly biosorbent was prepared from the pyrolysis of corn cob, a low-cost agricultural residue. The biochars produced by pyrolysis of corn cob at 400℃ and 600℃ were characterized and investigated as adsorbents for NH4＋ -N from an aqueous solution. The biochars were characterized through elemental analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-N2 surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the NH4＋ adsorption process of the corn cob biochars. The Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption process better than the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Moreover, the adsorption process was well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Results of thermodynamic analysis suggested that adsorption was a nonspontaneous exothermic process. Biochars produced at 400℃ had higher adsorption capacity than those produced at 600℃ because of the presence of polar functional groups with higher acidity. The exhausted biochar can be potentially used as soil conditioner, which can provide 6.37 kg NH4＋-N-t^-1 （N fertilizer per ton of biochar）.     

X射线反散射人体扫描仪在实际安检中的作用

正一、人体安检仪对社会安全的意义随着反恐防恐形式的日益严峻,目前人体安检为防止和震慑恐怖袭击的最重要的手段之一,然而常用的安检安检手段却无法有效检测非金属危险爆炸物、陶瓷刀具、塑料枪支、毒品等违禁品。而反散射人体安检在国外很早就开始使用了,该技术不仅能够检测出金属物品,还可以有效的检测出所携带的非金属物品,成为了打击恐怖主义活动,防范恐怖主义袭击的有效手段。