Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

Observation of atmospheric nitrous acid with DOAS in Beijing, China

Measurements of nitrous acid （HONO） and nitrogen dioxide （NO2） in Beijing City have been performed by means of a developed differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） system based on photodiode array （PDA）, during the autumn of 2004. HONO and NO2 were simultaneously identified by their characteristic absorption bands in the spectral region between 337 nm and 372 nm with high sensibility and time resolution. The concentrations of HONO exhibit obviously diurnal variation with a nocturnal maximum and a daytime minimum. The highest HONO value up to 11.8 μg/m^3 was observed during the night of 2/3 September. Possible sources of the observed HONO were discussed. Good correlation to NO2 indicates that NO2 is a main source component. The measurement also shows direct emission of HONO is an imnortant source in strongly polluted urban area.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water by ozone-hydrogen peroxide process

IntroductionAt present, several types of organic pollutantsreferred to as environmental endocrine disruptors(ED) have been suggested to be associated withabnormal sexual development (Hu, 2000). It wasreported that the ED led to the decline of reproductive…     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

跨区域流域生态补偿标准核算——基于成本收益双视角

合理的补偿标准是流域生态补偿的核心,也是激励生态系统服务提供者积极性、体现生态系统服务改善价值、实现区域协同发展的关键内容.基于成本收益双视角,以渭河流域为例,运用全成本法和选择实验法测算了流域生态系统服务保护的成本收益,进一步借助鲁宾斯坦议价模型核算跨区域生态补偿标准.结果表明:(1)为改善流域生态环境,上游甘肃省的直接治理成本约为35021.27万元/a,间接成本约为107112.26万元/a,全成本约为142133.53万元/a;(2)流域生态系统服务改善能够为中下游陕西省带来的收益为252912.96万元;(3)在流域生态系统服务保护成本收益明确的前提下,若上游地区在协商中具有完全耐心或中下游地区完全没有耐心,则上游获得全部净收益,补偿标准为252912.96万元/a;若上游地区完全没有耐心,且当中下游耐心程度(贴现因子)为0.5时,则双方将均分净收益,即补偿标准为197523.25万元/a.总的来看,研究对流域生态系统服务保护的成本收益分析及跨区域生态补偿标准核算提供了可行思路,实际应用中可根据具体情况合理设定议价双方贴现因子进行灵活处理.     

神农架大九湖移民搬迁居民能源替代探讨

自2013年开始,神农架大九湖湿地启动生态移民工程.为了解大九湖生态搬迁后居民用火用电情况以及资源消耗情况变化,采用样地调查和走访调查的方法,对搬迁户、未搬迁户的能源消耗情况进行收集和分析.结果 表明:除了人口和牲畜数量,海拔也是家庭影响能源消耗的重要因素,薪柴量和用电量相差84％和62.1％,因此搬迁工作可以优先考虑高海拔地区;搬迁前后,居民做饭消耗从基本完全依赖薪柴转变为燃气和电混用,取暖消耗由薪柴转变为燃煤,搬迁后,居民实现了薪柴的零消耗和森林零砍伐,用电量大幅增加,相比搬迁前生活成本增加了折合3450元左右;搬迁后居民居住条件、生活条件、交通设施、创收机会均有所改善;搬迁的431户居民相当于每年保护森林47.08 hm2,对于封山育林和生态恢复工作起到了积极作用.     

长江经济带工业绿色转型与生态文明建设的办同效应研究

测度长江经济带工业绿色转型效率和生态文明建设质量,把脉二者协同效应,对推进长江经济带绿色协同发展具有实践指导作用.在全国视野下,基于2011～2017年省级数据,采用Super-SBM模型测度长江经济带工业绿色转型效率,运用熵权法-Topsis评价模型测度长江经济带生态文明建设质量,构建耦合协调度模型实证研究长江经济带工业绿色转型与生态文明建设的协同效应.结果 表明:长江经济带工业绿色转型效率低于全国平均水平,上中下游地区呈梯度递增空间格局,省际差异显著;长江经济带生态文明建设质量与全国平均水平基本持平,上中下游地区呈"V"型空间格局,省际差异较小;长江经济带各省份工业绿色转型效率与生态文明建设质量的协同系数普遍较低,且呈加剧趋势,主要原因是生态文明建设滞后于工业绿色转型.建议地方政府提高对工业绿色转型与生态文明建设协同发展的重视程度,着力扭转生态文明建设滞后于工业绿色转型的发展态势.特别要加大国土空间和生态环境治理保护力度,推动长江经济带中上游地区农业和工业生态化发展,普及生态文化,完善生态安全治理体系.     

湖北省耕地利用转型对农民增收的空间溢出效应研究

基于2005～2017年湖北省74个县域面板数据,构建基于交通权重的空间权重矩阵,利用空间杜宾模型,实证研究耕地利用转型影响农民增收的空间溢出效应,并进一步揭示该溢出效应呈现的具体规律与特征.研究表明:(1)耕地利用转型各形态和农民收入水平都具有显著的正向空间自相关性;(2)农民收入水平的空间自回归系数ρ为0.65,表明相邻县域农民增收存在正向空间溢出效应,即本县域农民收入增长1％,相邻县域农民收入将会增长0.65％;(3)相邻县域间的空间溢出效应主要靠耕地数量、农业劳动力和基础设施投入形态变化驱动,其中,农业劳动力形态变化产生的空间溢出效应占总效应的69％,耕地数量形态占15％,基础设施投入形态占12％.因此,应注意提升县域间耕地利用系统协同性,利用其空间溢出效应促进湖北省各县域共同发展、农民收入协同提高.     

生态认知对长江流域渔民退捕意愿的影响研究基于鄱阳湖区的调研数据

流域禁捕是贯彻落实长江经济带发展战略和"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"的重要举措.渔民作为禁捕政策的最终执行者和落实者,其参与的积极性和主动性是政策顺利实施和推进的重要保障.基于计划行为理论,利用鄱阳湖区实地调查数据和结构方程模型,探讨了生态认知对渔民退捕意愿的影响及作用机理.研究发现:(1)生态认知对渔民退捕意愿有显著正向影响,即渔民生态认知水平越高,其参与禁捕政策的意愿越强;(2)生态认知的主观规范、行为态度、感知行为控制3个维度均对渔民退捕意愿具有显著正向影响,且3个维度两两之间也存在显著正向影响.其中,主观规范对渔民退捕意愿的影响最为显著;(3)主观规范中指令性规范对渔民参与禁捕的带动作用大于示范性规范;行为态度受渔民对政府禁捕政策的心理预期、生态修复保护与经济发展的重要性对比认知的影响较大;感知行为控制主要受到禁捕政策对家庭生产生活的影响程度及渔民参与禁捕政策能力的影响.为此,应建立有效的监督管理体系,提高指令性规范对渔民退捕的带动和引导作用,提高渔民对长江流域生态保护重要性的认知,营造浓厚的流域生态保护及积极参与禁捕的社会氛围,同时,制定适宜的转产转业政策,且将相关政策、补偿等严格落实到每位参与退捕的渔民,增强渔民对政府的信任程度,进而提高渔民退捕意愿.