生物质压缩成型技术的节能分析

本文选取国内外几种具有代表性的生物质压缩成型机为例，对不同类型成型机的节能效果进行了分析比较，并从燃烧理论上对生物质压块的节能机理作了进一步探讨。     

污泥深度机械脱水的优化研究

降低污泥含水率是污泥处置的关键点。论文自制了高压恒压污泥过滤脱水装置,在2 MPa压力条件下10 min可快速将污泥含水率降低至75.30%;添加3%氯化铁化学调理后,可进一步降低至63.38%。添加氯化铝调理也可降至71.98%;生物质添加剂也有较好的效果,污泥分别与木屑和秸秆按质量比2∶1调理后,压滤后污泥的含水率分别为60.22%和63.75%,木屑的效果优于秸秆;生物质还具有极强的吸水性,生物质与污泥混合泥饼压滤后表观含水率仅分别为43.83%与45.90%;此外,生物质调理后有助于提升污泥热值,可用于制备生物质污泥燃料。化学调理与生物质调理具有协同作用,优化后的污泥实际含水率及泥饼表观含水率低至55.23%与39.16%,污泥减量效果相当明显。     

含生物质炭城市污泥堆肥中溶解性有机质的光谱特征

以外源添加生物质炭的城市污泥堆肥过程中溶解性有机质(DOM)为研究对象,讨论了其紫外-可见和荧光光谱特征变化.结果表明:与对照组相比,外源添加生物质炭的处理其堆肥DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度更高,有利于提高堆肥的腐熟度,且外源添加花生壳炭的处理较添加小麦秸秆炭的处理更有利于堆肥腐熟度的提高.外源添加花生壳炭的处理在堆肥21d后,其堆肥腐熟度可能达到峰值,而外源添加小麦秸秆炭的处理其堆肥腐熟度则随着堆肥时间的进行而增加.对照组和处理组堆肥DOM的FI0.7,BIX0.8,表明其来源为自生源,可能与微生物对有机物的降解有关.因此,通过对城市污泥堆肥过程中DOM的光谱特征分析,能较好地评估城市污泥堆肥腐熟度的情况.     

Characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from burning of biomass fuels

The characteristics of the particles of the smoke that is emitted from the burning ofbiomass fuels were experimentally investigated using a laboratory-scale tube furnace and different types of biomass fuels： rubber wood, whole wood pellets and rice husks. Emitted amounts of particles, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） are discussed relative to the size of the emitted particles, ranging to as small as nano-size （〈70 nm）, and to the rate of heating rate during combustion, differential thermal analysis （DTA） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG） techniques were used to examine the effect of heating rate and biomass type on combustion behaviors relative to the characteristics of particle emissions. In the present study, more than 30% of the smoke particles from the burning ofbiomass fuel had a mass that fell within a range of 〈 100 nm. Particles smaller than 0.43 μm contributed greatly to the total levels of toxic PAHs and WSOC. The properties of these particles were influenced by the fuel component, the combustion conditions, and the particle size. Although TC--DTA results indicated that the heating rate in a range of 10-20℃did not show a significant effect on the combustion properties, there was a slight increase in the decomposition temperature as heating rate was increased. The nano-size particles had the smallest fraction of particle mass and particle-bound PAHs, but nonetheless these particles registered the largest fraction of particle-bound WSOC.     

Chemical characteristics of size-resolved aerosols in winter in Beijing

Size-resolved aerosols were continuously collected by a Nano Sampler for 13 days at an urban site in Beijing during winter 2012 to measure the chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles. Data collected by the Nano Sampler and an ACSM(Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) were compared. Between the data sets,similar trends and strong correlations were observed,demonstrating the validity of the Nano Sampler. PM10 and PM2.5concentrations during the measurement were 150.5 ± 96.0 μg/m3(mean ± standard variation)and 106.9 ± 71.6 μg/m3,respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70 ± 0.10,indicating that PM2.5dominated PM10. The aerosol size distributions showed that three size bins of 0.5–1,1–2.5 and 2.5–10 μm contributed 21.8%,23.3% and 26.0% to the total mass concentration(TMC),respectively. OM(organic matter) and SIA(secondary ionic aerosol,mainly SO42-,NO3-and NH4+) were major components of PM2.5. Secondary compounds(SIA and secondary organic carbon) accounted for half of TMC(about 49.8%) in PM2.5,and suggested that secondary aerosols significantly contributed to the serious particulate matter pollution observed in winter. Coal burning,biomass combustion,vehicle emissions and SIA were found to be the main sources of PM2.5. Mass concentrations of water-soluble ions and undetected materials,as well as their fractions in TMC,strikingly increased with deteriorating particle pollution conditions,while OM and EC(elemental carbon) exhibited different variations,with mass concentrations slightly increasing but fractions in TMC decreasing.     

生物质炭对孔雀石绿和酸性橙的吸附研究

文章以生物质炭为吸附剂,研究了其对以孔雀石绿和酸性橙Ⅱ两种染料作为水污染物时的吸附行为,并且探讨了初始浓度、温度、离子强度及溶液p H值等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明吸附符合准二级动力学方程;离子强度对吸附效果贡献不大;随着p H值的增加,生物质炭对孔雀石绿的吸附量增加,而对酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附量降低;吸附热力学研究表明,吸附过程为自发的吸热反应,用Langmuir方程能够更好地对吸附等温线进行拟合。     

溶剂热法制备磁性生物质炭吸附对硝基苯酚

将法桐树叶煅烧得到生物质炭(BAC),以溶剂热法将Fe_3O_4原位生成负载于BAC表面制备磁性生物质炭复合材料(BAC/Fe_3O_4)。用SEM、XRD、TEM、IR、VSM等对复合材料进行表征。实验结果表明:BAC/Fe_3O_4对对硝基苯酚的吸附在溶液pH为10.0的条件下有较高的吸附量,吸附行为符合朗格缪尔吸附等温线,最大吸附量为246.3 mg/g,吸附过程符合伪二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率较快。该材料可以有效地去除对硝基苯酚,在去除有机污染物方面有较大潜力。     

中国中小城镇生活垃圾"双解"处理技术研究

利用热重-红外光谱连用分析技术对生活垃圾中六种典型成分的热解特性进行研究,研究结果表明生活垃圾中食物残渣、木屑及纸三种生物质类组份的主要热解温度区间为150℃~600℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分为H2O、CO2、CO及含-COOH等多组分气体.PP、PVC及皮革三种人造制品的主要热解温度区间为200℃~500℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分包括CH4、CO2及CO等小分子气体等.根据热解特性研究结果,设计了一套适用于中小处理规模的生活垃圾的"双解"(热解气化+富氧分解)工艺,同时基于本工艺设计出一种新型卧式"双解炉".     

生物质内在碱金属催化特性的TG-FTIR实验研究

用热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱联用(TG-FTIR)技术对稻秆、谷壳及其经过不同预处理的水洗样、硝酸洗样进行实验研究,分析了生物质内在碱金属对其热解过程的影响.对比原样、水洗样和硝酸洗样的热解TG曲线与产气组分发现:内在碱金属的存在对生物质热解具有较大的催化作用,促进了样品半纤维组分的热分解,明显降低了最大反应速率,使样品分解能够在较低温度段完成,提高了热解过程中焦的生成率,强化了去甲烷化反应,促使热解向羟基乙醛、酸类等低小分子液体产物的方向转化,增大了CO_2和CO的生成量.     

秸秆/生物炭施用对关中地区小麦-玉米轮作系统净增温潜势影响的对比分析

为探讨秸秆、生物质炭施用对小麦-玉米轮作系统固碳减排效应,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱原位监测小麦-玉米轮作系统条件下秸秆、生物质炭施用对土壤CO_2、CH4和N_2O 3种温室气体排放、作物产量、土壤有机碳以及净增温潜势的影响.试验处理设置为:空白对照(CK)、常规施肥(F)、施肥并施用8 t·hm-2秸秆(FS)、施肥并施用8 t·hm-2生物质炭(FBlow)和施肥并施用16 t·hm-2生物质炭(FBhigh)共5个处理.结果表明:与F处理相比,FS、FBlow及FBhigh处理下小麦产量分别提高了30.9%、66.3%和36.6%;对于玉米产量而言,FS,CK及FBhigh处理下玉米产量分别降低了14.1%、18.0%和24.6%,但是FBlow处理下对玉米产量没有显著性的影响.与F处理相比,FS处理下土壤CO_2的年排放总量增加了60.2%,但是FBhigh处理下土壤CO_2的年排放总量减低了14.4%;生物质炭的施用降低了土壤N_2O的排放,与F处理相比,FBlow和FBhigh处理下分别减低了27.6%和38.7%,而秸秆的施用对N_2O的排放没有显著性的影响.总的来说,与F处理相比,FBlow和FBhigh处理下净增温潜势分别降低了24.13和58.44 t·hm-2,单位产量的净综合增温潜势分别降低了1.78和5.06 t·t-1.综上所述,对于小麦-玉米轮作体系而言,施用16 t·hm-2生物质炭可作为一种提高作物产量并降低净增温潜势的良好措施.