香溪河库湾夏季温室气体通量及影响因素分析

采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水-气界面温室气体(CO2和CH4)通量进行了24 h连续观测.结果表明,观测点处水-气界面CO2和CH4的释放通量具有明显的日变化特征,且二者的日变化过程呈较强的负相关性.监测期间,CO2的吸收和释放过程明显,CH4全天均为释放状态,其全天平均通量分别为0.336 mg.(m2.h)-1和0.088mg.(m2.h)-1.分析发现,水-气界面碳通量与温度、pH、叶绿素a、气压、辐照强度的相关性明显,而Eh对碳通量的影响并不显著,其中,CO2与各环境因子的相关性较CH4更为密切.     

烟台四十里湾海域营养盐和沉积物-水界面交换通量

利用2009年5月、7月、10月和2010年1月4个航次对烟台四十里湾养殖海域的调查资料,分析了该海域营养盐分布、季节变化、主要控制过程以及沉积物-水界面交换通量。结果表明,四十里湾海域营养盐的分布整体趋势是近岸高,由近岸向外部海域递减;受到陆源输入的影响,高值区出现在调查海域东部。DIN的季节变化表现出冬高、秋低、春夏居中的趋势,整体上变化不大;SiO3-Si和PO4-P浓度均为春季最低。在春秋季P为四十里湾浮游植物生长的限制性因素,在夏季,N/P>30,P也是一个潜在的限制因素。四个季度培养结果表明DIN总体上由上覆水交换到沉积物中;近岸区沉积物是PO4-P的汇;调查区域SiO3-Si的扩散方向均是从沉积物到上覆水中。四十里湾沉积物释放的SiO3-Si对初级生产力的贡献较小;与其他浅海环境相比,四十里湾沉积物-水界面的营养盐通量处于较低水平。     

阳离子絮凝剂P(AM-DAC)的合成、表征及应用

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)为单体,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,通过水溶液聚合的方法合成了阳离子絮凝剂P(AM-DAC)。探讨了单体配比、单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)主要性能的影响。实验得出了较佳的反应条件:聚合温度为70℃,引发剂用量为0.16%,单体配比m(AM):m(DAC)=1:8,总单体浓度为20%,反应时间3 h。在上述条件下,所得阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的特性黏数为18.692 4 dL/g,在其加入量为0.003%的条件下处理巡司河污水,上层清液透光率达90.7%,污泥脱水率达89.2%。并对该聚合物絮凝剂的结构和热行为进行了表征。     

拜耳赤泥制备聚硅酸硫酸铝铁及絮凝效果评价

以拜耳法赤泥为原料,采用硫酸浸取的方法浸出铝和铁,通过加入硅酸钠溶液制备出高效絮凝剂聚合硅酸硫酸铝铁(PSAFS)。研究考察了制备聚合硅酸硫酸铝铁的酸浸工艺参数,并评价了其絮凝效果。结果表明,硫酸浓度35%,液固比5.5 mL/g,酸浸温度90℃,酸浸时间2.0 h为最佳酸浸条件,由此制备的PSAFS对综合污水浊度、COD、总磷和总磷酸盐的去除率分别达到61.7%、61.8%、81.7%和81.1%。对比试验表明,该絮凝剂与市售PAC、PFC相比具有相当或更优的污染物去除效果,且形成的絮体具有粗大、致密的特点。该工艺为拜耳法赤泥的综合利用开辟了一条新途径。     

污染河口区沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的实验研究

采集青岛市李村河口下游沉积物柱状样品,通过实验室培养实验,研究了溶解氧、温度、盐度、生物扰动等环境因素对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响。结果表明,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P在贫氧环境下的交换通量要高于富氧条件下,NO2-N受溶解氧含量的影响较小;随着温度的升高,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P的交换通量增大,而NO2-N的交换通量减小;NO2-N和NH4-N的交换通量随盐度增大而增大,NO3-N减小,而PO4-P受盐度的影响较小;生物扰动对营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量的影响显著。     

Production and contribution of hydroxyl radicals between the DSA anode and water interface

Hydroxyl radicals play the key role during electrochemical oxidation and photoelectrochemical oxidation. The production and e ect of hydroxyl radicals on the interface between DSA anode and water was investigated by examining the quenching e ect of iso-propanol on Orange II decolorization. We observed that with an increase in electrode potential from 4 to 12 V across electrodes at pH 7.0, the contribution percentage of hydroxyl radicals increased dramatically. More OH radicals were produced in acidic and alkaline conditions than at neutral conditions. At electrode potential of 4 V, the contribution percentage of hydroxyl radicals was obviously higher at near neutral pH conditions, while removal e ciency of Orange II achieved was the lowest concurrently. Finally, for photocatalytic oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and photoelectrochemical oxidation using the same DSA electrode, the e ect of hydroxyl radicals proved to be dominant in photocatalytic oxidation but the contribution of hydroxyl radicals was not dominant in electrochemical oxidation, which implies the necessity of UV irradiation for electrochemical oxidation during water treatment.     

Effects of overlying water aeration on phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in surface sediment

Microbial activity may influence phosphorus (P) deposit and release at the water sediment interface. The properties of DO (dissolved oxygen), pH, P fractions (TP, Ca-P, Fe-P, OP, IP), and APA (alkaline phosphatase activity) at the water sediment interface were measured to investigate microbial activity variations in surface sediment under conditions of two-month intermittent aeration in overlying water. Results showed that DO and TP of overlying water increased rapidly in the first week and then decreased gradually after 15 day of intermittent aeration. Microorganism metabolism in surface sediment increased pH and decreased DO and TP in the overlying water. After two-month intermittent aeration, APA and OP from surface sediment (0–2 cm) were both significantly higher than those from bottom sediment (6–8 cm) (p < 0.05), and surface sediment Fe-P was transferred to OP during the course of microorganism reproduction on the surface sediment. These results suggest that microbial activity and microorganism biomass from the surface sediment were higher than those from bottom sediment after two-month intermittent aeration in the overlying water.     

霍甫水丝蚓对太湖梅梁湾沉积物影响——水界面无机氮、磷交换

根据太湖梅梁湾大型底柄动物的自然分布特征,运用沉积物-水微宇宙的实验方法评估了霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeristeri)对太湖沉积物无机氮和磷释放的影响,通过对比分析沉积物和上覆水无机氮浓度、沉积物和上覆水之间无机氮的循环规律及沉积物中无机氮的剖面特征在有/无水蚯蚓活动背景下的差异,探讨了寡毛类底...     

新型三维多孔光热材料制备及其高盐废水处理应用

高盐废水处理存在处理难度大和能耗成本高等问题.近年来发展的界面光蒸汽水处理技术以绿色、高效和低能耗等特点成为了目前水资源回收利用领域的研究热点.本研究以纤维状结构的碳化氮（h-CN）修饰石墨烯（r-GO）,通过水热反应制备了新型三维多孔石墨烯复合材料（3D h-CN/r-GO）,并以硝基苯和苯酚作为模拟污染物,考察了其光热蒸发处理高盐废水的性能.研究结果表明,所制备的3D h-CN/r-GO材料具备宽光谱吸收范围和多级孔道结构,并呈现出快速热响应的特点.在模拟太阳光照条件下,光蒸汽转化效率可达90.4%.并且在处理过程中可实现硝基苯和苯酚等常见挥发性污染物的吸附,其吸附容量分别为67.6 mg·g^-1和57.5 mg·g^-1.而且,3D h-CN/r-GO可实现长时间稳定的光热水体蒸发回收,且对污染物及盐分截留率高达98%左右,冷凝水体达到污水处理的排放标准.因此,本研究为高盐废水的低能耗和低成本处理提供了一种新的技术.     

身管镀层界面失效分析及寿命预测研究

目的 研究热压耦合作用下身管镀层的界面失效机理,预测身管寿命。方法 建立镀层界面剪切失效、界面弯曲失效和界面裂纹扩展失效3种失效模型,并给出失效准则。以某小口径步枪身管为研究对象,基于完整冷却周期的身管温度场数值模拟结果,计算这3种失效在相同射击条件下的临界失效长厚比,并对结果进行对比分析,确定身管镀层的主要界面失效方式。结合镀层的界面失效机理和低周疲劳损伤累计理论,建立基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测模型,对该小口径步枪身管的寿命进行预测。结果 临界失效长厚比计算结果表明,界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式。身管寿命预测结果与寿命试验结果相比,误差小于2%。结论 界面剪切失效是身管镀层的主要失效方式,基于镀层界面疲劳损伤累积的身管寿命预测方法是可行的。