中国盾叶薯蓣资源现状及保护对策

论述了我国盾叶薯蓣的野生资源现状、人工种植生产现状、资源濒危原因及应采取的保护对策.指出:我国现有盾叶薯蓣野生资源蕴藏量估计在200万kg左右,资源数量已大为下降,然而年需求量却高达2亿kg以上,供需矛盾十分突出.造成资源濒危的主要原因是利用过度、生境及种质资源被破坏、家种者皂素含量低且质量差而不能大批量用于皂素生产.建议在采取有效保护野生资源的同时,尽快建立全国性良种繁育基地,按GAP要求建立我国现代化、规模化、规范化的高产优质药材原料生产基地,从根本上解决当前盾叶薯蓣资源保护与利用的矛盾.     

地震灾难与防护

《十万个为什么》被誉为我国影响最大的科普书。此次第六版的出版更可谓是少儿科普出版史上空前绝后的一大创举。整套图书共含18册.邀请数十位两院院士担任主编,110多位院士参与编写,各界专家作者更是多达700多人。《灾难与防护》作为新增的一册,由马宗晋院士出任主编.高建国教授为副主编。《灾难与防护》力求能够通过活生生的灾难事实.敲响人类的防范警钟;同时传达在灾难面前.防范比抢险更加重要的观念.不让这种思想仅仅停留在口头上。     

若尔盖典型高寒湿地植物叶功能性状对水深梯度的响应

高寒泥炭沼泽湿地储存着大量有机碳，影响全球碳库的收支平衡，作为重要的生态因子，植物功能性状显著影响着生态系统的碳输入与输出过程.为了解水位变化对高原高寒湿地植物功能性状的影响并深入理解水位下降下的高寒泥炭沼泽碳循环，以青藏高原东部若尔盖典型沼泽湿地两种优势植物——木里苔草(Carex muliensis；湿生植物，即喜欢潮湿环境而不能忍受长时间水位不足的陆生植物)和斑唇马先蒿(Pedicularis longiflora var.tubiformis；中生植物，即介于湿生与旱生植物之间而不能忍受严重干旱或长期水涝的植物)为研究对象，采用“中宇宙”水位模拟试验，分析两种植物在10 cm(D₁₀)、0 cm(D₀)、–20 cm(D_-20)和–50 cm(D_-50)水位梯度下叶形态性状的差异，以及叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等的变化规律.结果表明：(1)木里苔草通过减小叶长、叶面积、比叶面积、叶干重和增加叶厚以适应水位下降，斑唇马先蒿则通过减小叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶面积和叶干重来适应水位上升....     

植物叶表大气降尘的采集和定量分析方法研究

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,大气颗粒物污染形势严峻,对人体健康和生态环境都造成危害,其中危害植物的典型形式就是叶表降尘。虽然植被具有净化空气的滞尘能力,但是大气降尘也会在植物叶片表面长期积累进而通过影响光合作用、阻塞气孔等对植物的正常生长或作物产量造成不利影响。因此,作物叶表降尘的采集方法和降尘特征研究具有十分重要的现实环境意义,然而由于叶表降尘的"微量"特点,目前可行的能准确收集全部叶表降尘并进行定量的方法非常少,而且通常不能获得降尘样品供后续分析使用。该方法利用针筒与针头过滤器组合将降尘直接洗入针筒并通过微孔滤膜截留,再用叶面积仪确定单位叶面积降尘量,避免了降尘损失和称量误差,且能完整定量收集降尘样品供重金属污染物成分等物理化学分析,在环境科学和生态保护领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

Degradation of direct azo dye by Cucurbita pepo free and immobilized peroxidase

Enzymatic decolourization of the azo dye, Direct Yellow (DY106) by Cucurbita pepo (courgette) peroxidase (CP) is a complex process, which is greatly affected by pH, temperature, enzyme activity and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and dye. Courgette peroxidase was extracted and its performance was evaluated by using the free-CP (FCP) and immobilized-CP (ICP) forms in the decolourization of DY106. Immobilization of peroxidase in calcium alginate beads was performed according to a strategy aiming to minimize enzyme leakage and keep its activity at a maximum value by optimizing sodium alginate content, enzyme loading and calcium chloride concentration. The initial conditions at which the highest DY106 decolourization yield was obtained were found at pH 2, temperature 20℃, H₂O₂ dose 1 mmol/L (FCP) and 100 mmol/L (ICP). The highest decolourization rates were obtained for dye concentrations 50 mg/L (FCP) and 80 mg/L (ICP). Under optimal conditions, the FCP was able to decolorize more than 87% of the dye within 2 min. While with ICP, the decolourization yield was 75% within 15 min. The decolourization and removal of DY106 was proved by UV-Vis analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis was also performed on DY106 and enzymatic treatment precipitated byproduct.     

预腐蚀铝合金材料裂纹萌生寿命评估

铝合金在航空工业中广泛应用,因此对于铝合金构件的寿命评估很重要。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)原位观测技术,研究了预腐蚀铝合金试件在循环应力作用下的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为。结果表明腐蚀坑对于裂纹萌生扩展行为具有强烈的影响。基于局部应变法,提出了一种预测带有腐蚀损伤的铝合金疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的评估公式。     

HRGC/ECNI-LRMS测定大辽河入海口表层沉积物中短链氯化石蜡

联合使用酸化硅胶层析柱和中性氧化铝层析柱净化处理沉积物样品中的短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs),并对净化条件进行优化,在此基础上,建立了沉积物中SCCPs的高分辨气相色谱/电子捕获负离子化-低分辨质谱(HRGC/ECNI-LRMS)分析方法.应用该方法分析研究了大辽河入海口表层沉积物中SCCPs的含量和各同系物组分的分布模式.结果表明,大辽河入海口表层沉积物中SCCPs以C10-SCCPs和C11-SCCPs为主,含量在64.9～407.0 ng/g之间,且随着向海洋方向延伸,SCCPs含量呈现下降趋势.     

Removal of phosphate by Fe-coordinated amino-functionalized 3D mesoporous silicates hybrid materials

Phosphate removal from aqueous waste streams is an important approach to control the eutrophication downstream bodies of water. A Fe(III) coordinated amino-functionalized silicate adsorbent for phosphate adsorption was synthesized by a post-grafting and metal cation incorporation process. The surface structure of the adsorbent was characterized by X-ray di raction, N2 adsoropion/desoprotion technique, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity of the modified silicate material was 51.8 mg/g. The kinetic data from the adsorption of phosphate were fitted to pseudo second-order model. The phosphate adsorption was highly pH dependent and the relatively high removal of phosphate fell within the pH range 3.0–6.0. The coexistence of other anions in solutions has an adverse e ect on phosphate adsorption; a decrease in adsorption capacity followed the order of exogenous anions: F?? > SO2?? 4 > NO??3 > Cl??. In addition, the adsorbed phosphate could be desorbed by NaOH solutions. This silicate adsorbent with a large adsorption capacity and relatively high selectivity could be utilized for the removal of phosphate from aqueous waste streams or in aquatic environment.     

Interspecific competition effects on phosphorus accumulation by Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans

The competition between submersed plants has been recognized as an important factor influencing the structure of plant communities in shallow lakes. The ability of different species to take up and store nutrients from the surrounding ambience varies, and hence plant community structure might be expected to affect the cycling of nutrients in lake ecosystems. In this study, the uptake of phosphorus by Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans was studied and compared in monoculture and competitive mixed-culture plantings. Results showed that for both studied species the phosphorus concentrations of different tissues and of whole plants was unaffected by competition. However, the quantity of phosphorus accumulated by whole plants of H. verticillata was significantly higher in mixture culture than in monoculture, while that of V. natans was lower in the mixed culture. The results indicated that H. verticillata has a competitive advantage over V. natans, when the two species are grown in competition, and is able to accumulate a greater quantity of phosphorus.     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.