北方典型岩溶泉域地下水水文地球化学特征分析——以鹤壁许家沟泉域为例

近年来,受采矿活动、气候变化等因素影响,包括鹤壁许家沟泉域在内的北方多数岩溶泉域水化学场发生了改变,但其演变规律及现状条件下的水文地球化学特征仍不明晰。为揭示现状条件下许家沟泉域地下水水文地球化学特征及其控制因素,本文在调查取样分析的基础上,采用数理统计、离子比例系数、Gibbs图及相关性分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明:泉域内岩溶地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型。地下水主要水化学组分演化过程的主控因素是岩石风化作用,地下水中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-主要来源于含方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石(CaMg(CO_3)_2)的碳酸盐岩以及硫酸盐岩(CaSO_4·2H_2O)的溶解,一部分SO_4~(2-)来自黄铁矿氧化。脱白云石化作用致使泉域枯水期地下水中Mg~(2+)明显高于丰水期。阳离子吸附交替使地下水中Na~+、K~+含量降低。稳定同位素特征表明,泉域岩溶地下水主要接受西部裸露区大气降雨的入渗补给,泉域南部岩溶地下水还受淇河河水渗漏的影响,枯水期岩溶地下水中δ~(18)O存在漂移现象。研究成果为泉域内岩溶地下水的合理开发与保护提供了依据。     

饥饿对人工快速渗滤系统硝化性能的影响

为探究饥饿条件下人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统硝化性能的衰减及恢复情况,分别考察了不同饥饿时间(5、10、15、20 d)对稳定运行的CRI系统(C~1、C~2、C~3、C~4)内氮素污染物转化、硝化细菌活性及胞外多聚物(EPS)组分的影响.结果表明,C~1、C~2、C~3分别在恢复进水3、7、10 d后NH~+_4-N去除率可恢复至60%左右,而C~4在恢复进水24 d后NH~+_4-N去除率仅有40%左右;C~2、C~3、C~4在恢复进水后均表现出不同程度的NO~-_2-N积累现象,积累率最终分别稳定在25%、65%、80%左右.稳定运行期间亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的活性高于氨氧化菌(AOB),而饥饿期超过10 d时NOB的衰减速率开始高于AOB;经10、15 d饥饿后AOB活性可恢复至饥饿前水平而NOB活性无法完全恢复,导致NO~-_2-N积累;经20 d饥饿后AOB和NOB活性均难以恢复至饥饿前水平,导致NH~+_4-N去除率下降.饥饿期间EPS能为CRI系统内的微生物提供碳源和能源,维持细胞的新陈代谢;蛋白质(PN)/多糖(PS)比随着饥饿时间的延长而降低,表明饥饿期间对PN的利用更加显著.研究结论可为饥饿条件下CRI系统的运行优化提供理论支持,同时为进一步探寻饥饿时硝化性能的稳定调控策略奠定了基础.     

硝化细菌的培养及包埋固定化中试

为实现硝化细菌规模化富集及包埋固定化技术的工业化应用.以污水厂回流污泥为菌源,利用工业级生物发酵罐,连续投加并逐渐提高底物浓度,控制FA和FNA实现硝化细菌的快速增长,实现了氨氧化速率118 mg·(L·h)~(-1)的高表达.高通量种群分析结果表明,回流污泥生物多样性较大,具有硝化作用的Nitrosomonas比例仅为0.53%;富集培养后污泥多样性明显降低,Nitrosomonas比例上升至10.27%,相较于驯化前,比例提高了20倍.以此为菌源,用PVA(聚乙烯醇)进行包埋固定化,包埋填料填充率为30%,通过连续流的方式进行包埋填料的活性恢复,仅用27 d填料的硝化速率达到62mg·(L·h)~(-1),证明包埋填料活性恢复.     

Nitrification performance of nitrifying bacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane at low ammonia nitrogen concentrations

Suspended and waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria have been adopted for evaluating the e ects of environmental changes, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH, on nitrification characteristics under conditions of low ammonia concentrations. The results showed that nitrification was prone to complete with increasing pH, DO and temperature. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the e ects of temperature and pH on nitrification feature of suspended bacteria were slightly greater than those of immobilized nitrifying bacteria. Immobilized cells could achieve complete nitrification at low ammonia concentrations when DO was su cient. Continuous experiments were carried out to discuss the removal of ammonia nitrogen from synthetic micropollute source water with the ammonia concentration of about 1 mg/L using immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets in an up-flow inner circulation reactor under di erent hydraulic retention times (HRT). The continuous removal rate remains above 80% even under HRT 30 min. The results verified that the waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets had great potential applications for micro-pollution source water treatment.     

高效好氧反硝化细菌的筛选及脱氮特性的研究

由焦化废水生化处理站曝气池驯化后的活性污泥分离纯化得到三株好氧反硝化细菌,通过脱硝酸盐氮对比实验得到一株高效好氧反硝化细菌F10分别在不同温度(20-40℃)、pH(5.5-8.0)、C/N比(白糖与KNO3质量比1.0-2.0)、焦化废水COD(500-1 000mg/L)稀释液的条件下确定好氧反硝化优势菌脱氮的最佳...     

畜禽养殖废水的硝化性能研究

针对近年来我国规模化养殖场迅速发展所带来的严重环境污染,特别是畜禽养殖废水中氨氮污染物所产生的污染,文章采用硝化反应器对其进行处理。首先进行了硝化细菌的培养驯化,然后通过连续运行试验和间歇运行试验,考察氨氮的去除效果和操作参数的影响。试验结果表明:当温度为25℃,pH为6.0~8.0,DO为4.0~6.0 mg/L,HRT为12 h,进水氨氮为200 mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度可以降低到1.0 mg/L左右,氨氮的去除率达到接近100%。     

珠江口东海域营养盐比例及其对藻类的影响

根据珠江口东四口门(虎门、蕉门、洪奇门、横门)海域的调查资料,对营养盐含量和比值与浮游植物生长和种群结构的关系进行分析。结果表明:调查海域浮游植物的生长与海水中营养盐的浓度及营养盐之间的比例均有关,丰富的氮、磷、硅和较高的N:P、Si:P、Si:N比,可能是形成目前调查海域浮游植物群落以硅藻类占优势的种群结构的主要原因;但是在像深圳湾这样的半封闭海湾,营养盐含量及其之间的比例发生变化(尤其是N:P),将对浮游植物种群结构产生相应的影响。     

FISH法检测生物膜中硝化细菌流程的建立及优化

通过试验筛检荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术在检测反应器生物膜中硝化细菌时适合的实验条件。结果显示,FISH技术检测生物膜中硝化细菌时．较好的预处理条件和杂交条件为：样品在热固定前不需1xPBS清洗;检测生物膜中硝化细菌的实验条件：①硝酸细菌：杂交温度46℃,杂交时间5h,洗脱液中c（NaCl）为55mmol／L;（爹亚硝酸细菌：杂交温度46℃,杂交时间3h,洗脱液中c（NaCl）为30～40mmol/L。     

微生物群在水产养殖中的应用

随着养殖业的迅速发展,传统的抗微生物药物不仅引发了大量的环境问题,而且干扰了水体中野生微生物种群的繁衍和生存,制约了水产养殖业的发展.利用微生物可以改善养殖生态环境,提高养殖动物的免疫力,抑制病原微生物,从而减少疾病的发生.通过分析了酵母、EM菌、光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、硝化细菌等微生物的作用机理及其在水产养殖中的作用,并提出了今后的研究方向.     

Effect of organic carbon on nitrification e ciency and community composition of nitrifying biofilms

The effects of organic carbon/inorganic nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the nitrification processes and the community shifts of nitrifying biofilms were investigated by kinetic comparison and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The results showed that the nitrification rate decreased with an increasing organic concentration. However, the effect became weak when the carbon concentration reached sufficiently high level. Denitrification was detected after organic carbon was added. The 12 h ammonium removal rate ranged from 85% to 30% at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 compare to control (C/N = 0). The loss of nitrogen at C/N = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, (8 and 16 was 31%, 18%, 24%, 65%, 59% and 62% respectively, after 24 h. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the dominant populations changed from nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp.) to denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Acidovorax sp. and Comamonas sp.) with C/N ratio increase. Although at high C/N ratio the denitrifying bacteria were the dominant populations, nitrifying bacteria grew simultaneously. Conrrespondingly, nitrification process coexisted with denitrification.