曝气生物滤池的短程硝化特性

通过控制进水pH值实现曝气生物滤池的短程硝化。工艺运行结果表明,对于进水pH值为8.22~8.57,NH4+-N平均容积负荷为0.5 kg/(m3.d),水温为17.5~20.2℃,曝气生物滤池溶解氧质量浓度平均为4.5 mg/L的条件下能够同步实现95%的NH4+-N去除率和80%的NO2--N积累率。通过分析FA和FNA沿滤池高度的变化特征,发现滤池底部(0~5 cm)区域短程硝化反应主要由FA控制,中部(5~15 cm)区域是由FA和FNA共同掌控;而上部区域(15~50 cm)则是由FNA控制,FNA沿滤池高度的快速增加是确保工艺实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累的重要原因。     

常温下短程硝化实现及稳定性试验研究

以自配模拟氨氮废水为研究对象,在全程硝化污泥的基础上通过控制低曝气量和提高反应器进水pH值,在较低的DO质量浓度和较高pH值条件下完成了短程硝化污泥的驯化,系统中的NO2--N积累率稳定在95%以上;逐渐提高硝化阶段的曝气量、降低进水溶液的pH值,短程硝化过程没有被破坏;稳定的短程硝化系统改为定时控制,过度曝气6 d后,NO2--N的积累率仅剩43.7%,硝化类型由短程硝化转变为全程硝化。     

脱氮除磷(NPR)工艺中试研究

NPR工艺是一种活性污泥法和生物膜法相结合的工艺,具有强化脱氮除磷的能力.中试研究采用固定的分段进水比例(厌氧流量∶缺氧流量=7∶3),在污泥龄为10 d的情况下,比较了0.6 m3/h和0.9 m3/h2种流量下对氮磷去除效果,分析了在0.6 m3流量下,工艺是如何对CODCr,NH3-N,PO43-进行去除的.试验发现:在0.6 m3/h流量下:出水稳定达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,在0.9 m3/h流量下,出水稳定达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准.     

用TRIZ解决水循环冷却系统管路爆裂

工业生产过程中,由于工件热处理后,为改变其性能或提高效率,需要对热处理后的工件进行冷却。冷却方式常采用自然风冷、油浸冷却和水循环冷却。冷却系统在生产过程中,常因各车间液体循环系统压力不均衡,引起爆管现象,影响正常生产。     

高氨氮废水短程硝化的影响因素

工业废水中,氨和氮的含量较高,而且全程硝化的工艺很难满足对这些废水的处理要求,因而,高氨氮废水的短程硝化工艺越来越被重视起来.文章将阐述高氨氮废水短程硝化的原理,并着重分析影响高氨氮废水短程硝化的各种因素.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

Genotoxicity removal of reclaimed water during ozonation

Genotoxicity in wastewater and reclaimed water now is gaining increased attention because of genotoxins' potential damage to the ecosystem and human health. The effect of ozonation on genotoxicity in reclaimed water was investigated. It was found that ozonation decreased the genotoxicy dramatically in three tertiary treatment plants. In the further batch ozonation experiment in laboratory,secondary effluent sample used exhibited the genotoxicity of(41.1 ± 4.1) μg 4NQO/L. Ozonation with a dose of 10 mg O3/L completely removed the genotoxicity in secondary effluent. However,after ozonation, the dissolved organic carbonvalue of the sample didn't change much but the specific ultraviolet absorbance(SUVA) value dropped sharply. With the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ozonation was found to change chemical aliphatic carbon and C–O of the dissolved arganic matter, which might be the reason of the significant decreases of SUVA and genotoxicity.     

Antimony smelting process generating solid wastes and dust：Characterization and leaching behaviors

A large amount of solid waste has been produced by the antimony smelting process in the＂World Capital of Antimony＂, Xikuangshan area in China. This study comprehensively investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of the various solid wastes, as well as the leaching behavior of the solid wastes, which included water-quenched slag,arsenic-alkali residue, desulfurized slag and blast furnace dust. These four types of waste were enriched in a variety of heavy metals and metalloids and more specifically with As and Sb levels up to 8.6 × 104 and 3.16 × 105mg/kg, respectively, in arsenic-alkali residue. For desulfurized slag and water-quenched slag, the leaching concentration of Sb significantly exceeded the acceptable limits during the leaching tests using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure. In addition, As leaching in arsenic-alkali residue was extraordinarily hazardous, being three orders of magnitude higher than the regulatory level of As. According to the results of the extraction tests, all the tested wastes were classified as hazardous waste.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.